South America :: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands

- Introduction :: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
- Background:
  The islands, with large bird and seal populations, lie approximately 1,000 km east of the Falkland Islands and have been under British administration since 1908 - except for a brief period in 1982 when Argentina occupied them. Grytviken, on South Georgia, was a 19th and early 20th century whaling station. Famed explorer Ernest SHACKLETON stopped there in 1914 en route to his ill-fated attempt to cross Antarctica on foot. He returned some 20 months later with a few companions in a small boat and arranged a successful rescue for the rest of his crew, stranded off the Antarctic Peninsula. He died in 1922 on a subsequent expedition and is buried in Grytviken. Today, the station houses scientists from the British Antarctic Survey. Recognizing the importance of preserving the marine stocks in adjacent waters, the UK, in 1993, extended the exclusive fishing zone from 12 nm to 200 nm around each island.
- Geography :: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
- Location:
  Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, east of the tip of South America
  Geographic coordinates:
  54 30 S, 37 00 W
  Map references:
  Antarctic Region
  Area:
  total: 3,903 sq km
  land: 3,903 sq km
  water: 0 sq km

  note: includes Shag Rocks, Black Rock, Clerke Rocks, South Georgia Island, Bird Island, and the South Sandwich Islands, which consist of 11 islands

  country comparison to the world: 177
  Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than Rhode Island
  Land boundaries:
  0 km
  Coastline:
  NA
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
  Climate:
  variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
  Terrain:
  most of the islands are rugged and mountainous rising steeply from the sea; South Georgia is largely barren with steep, glacier-covered mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some active volcanoes
  Elevation:
  0 m lowest point: Atlantic Ocean
  2934 highest point: Mount Paget (South Georgia)
  Natural resources:
  fish
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 0% (2011 est.)
  arable land: 0% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 0% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 0% (2011 est.)
  forest: 0% (2011 est.)
  other: 100% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  0 sq km (2011)
  Natural hazards:
  the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active volcanism
  Environment - current issues:
  reindeer - introduced to the islands in the 20th century - devastated the native flora and bird species; some reindeer were translocated to the Falkland Islands in 2001, the rest were exterminated (2013-14); a parallel effort (2010-15) eradicated rats and mice that came to the islands as stowaways on ships as early as the late 18th century
  Geography - note:
  the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good anchorage
- People and Society :: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
- Population:
  no indigenous inhabitants

  note: the small military garrison on South Georgia withdrew in March 2001, replaced by a permanent group of scientists of the British Antarctic Survey, which also has a biological station on Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited

- Government :: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
- Country name:
  conventional long form: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
  conventional short form: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
  abbreviation: SGSSI
  etymology: South Georgia was named "the Isle of Georgia" in 1775 by Captain James COOK in honor of British King GEORGE III; the explorer also discovered the Sandwich Islands Group that year, which he named "Sandwich Land" after John MONTAGU, the Earl of Sandwich and First Lord of the Admiralty; the word "South" was later added to distinguish these islands from the other Sandwich Islands, now known as the Hawaiian Islands
  Dependency status:
  overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina; administered from the Falkland Islands by a commissioner, who is concurrently governor of the Falkland Islands, representing Queen ELIZABETH II
  Legal system:
  the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply
  International organization participation:
  UPU
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  none (overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina)
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  none (overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina)
  Flag description:
  blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion rampant, holding a torch; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a Macaroni penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the crest, and below the shield on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the Lion Protect its Own Land); the lion with the torch represents the UK and discovery; the background of the shield, blue and white estoiles, are found in the coat of arms of James Cook, discoverer of the islands; all the outer supporting animals represented are native to the islands
- Economy :: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
- Economy - overview:
  Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. Harvesting finfish and krill are potential sources of income. The islands receive income from postage stamps produced in the UK, the sale of fishing licenses, and harbor and landing fees from tourist vessels. Tourism from specialized cruise ships is increasing rapidly.
- Communications :: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
- Transportation :: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
- Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Grytviken
- Military and Security :: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
- Military - note:
  defense is the responsibility of the UK
- Transnational Issues :: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
- Disputes - international:
  Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force