North America :: Canada

- Introduction :: Canada
- Background:

  A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada repatriated its constitution from the UK in 1982, severing a final colonial tie. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

  CANADA SUMMARY: PDF
- Geography :: Canada
- Location:
  Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US
  Geographic coordinates:
  60 00 N, 95 00 W
  Map references:
  North America
  Area:
  total: 9,984,670 sq km
  land: 9,093,507 sq km
  water: 891,163 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 3
  Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than the US
  Land boundaries:
  total: 8,893 km
  border countries (1): US 8893 km (includes 2477 km with Alaska)

  note: Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country

  Coastline:
  202,080 km

  note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world

  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
  contiguous zone: 24 nm
  continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
  Climate:
  varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
  Terrain:
  mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast
  Elevation:
  mean elevation: 487 m
  elevation extremes: 0 m lowest point: Atlantic Ocean
  5959 highest point: Mount Logan
  Natural resources:
  bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 6.8% (2011 est.)
  arable land: 4.7% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 0.5% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 1.6% (2011 est.)
  forest: 34.1% (2011 est.)
  other: 59.1% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  8,700 sq km (2012)
  Population distribution:
  vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia
  Natural hazards:

  continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains

  volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

  Environment - current issues:
  metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation
  Geography - note:

  note 1: second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border

  note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combined

- People and Society :: Canada
- Population:
  35,881,659 (July 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 38
  Nationality:
  noun: Canadian(s)
  adjective: Canadian
  Ethnic groups:
  Canadian 32.3%, English 18.3%, Scottish 13.9%, French 13.6%, Irish 13.4%, German 9.6%, Chinese 5.1%, Italian 4.6%, North American Indian 4.4%, East Indian 4%, other 51.6% (2016 est.)

  note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin

  Languages:
  English (official) 58.7%, French (official) 22%, Punjabi 1.4%, Italian 1.3%, Spanish 1.3%, German 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, Tagalog 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, other 10.5% (2011 est.)
  Religions:
  Catholic 39% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian 1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 1.5%, Sikh 1.4%, Buddhist 1.1%, Jewish 1%, other 0.6%, none 23.9% (2011 est.)
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 15.43% (male 2,839,236 /female 2,698,592)
  15-24 years: 11.62% (male 2,145,626 /female 2,023,369)
  25-54 years: 39.62% (male 7,215,261 /female 7,002,546)
  55-64 years: 14.24% (male 2,538,820 /female 2,570,709)
  65 years and over: 19.08% (male 3,055,560 /female 3,791,940) (2018 est.)
  population pyramid:
  The World Factbook Field Image Modal
  North America :: Canada Print
  Image Description
  This is the population pyramid for Canada. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
  For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 47.3 (2015 est.)
  youth dependency ratio: 23.5 (2015 est.)
  elderly dependency ratio: 23.8 (2015 est.)
  potential support ratio: 4.2 (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 42.4 years
  male: 41.1 years
  female: 43.7 years (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  Population growth rate:
  0.72% (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 139
  Birth rate:
  10.2 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 189
  Death rate:
  8.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 67
  Net migration rate:
  5.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  Population distribution:
  vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 81.4% of total population (2018)
  rate of urbanization: 0.97% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  6.082 million Toronto, 4.172 million Montreal, 2.531 million Vancouver, 1.477 million Calgary, 1.397 million Edmonton, 1.363 million OTTAWA (capital) (2018)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  Mother's mean age at first birth:
  28.1 years (2012 est.)
  Maternal mortality rate:
  7 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 161
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  female: 4.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 180
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 82 years (2018 est.)
  male: 79.4 years (2018 est.)
  female: 84.8 years (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  Total fertility rate:
  1.6 children born/woman (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 180
  Health expenditures:
  10.4% of GDP (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 20
  Physicians density:
  2.54 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
  Hospital bed density:
  2.7 beds/1,000 population (2012)
  Drinking water source:
  improved: urban: 100% of population
  rural: 99% of population
  total: 99.8% of population
  unimproved: urban: 0% of population
  rural: 1% of population
  total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved: urban: 100% of population (2015 est.)
  rural: 99% of population (2015 est.)
  total: 99.8% of population (2015 est.)
  unimproved: urban: 0% of population (2015 est.)
  rural: 1% of population (2015 est.)
  total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  29.4% (2016)
  country comparison to the world: 26
  Education expenditures:
  5.3% of GDP (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 57
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 11.6% (2017 est.)
  male: 13.3% (2017 est.)
  female: 9.9% (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 110
- Government :: Canada
- Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Canada
  etymology: the country name likely derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word "kanata" meaning village or settlement
  Government type:
  federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution
  Capital:
  name: Ottawa
  geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W
  time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November

  note: Canada has six time zones

  Administrative divisions:
  10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*
  Independence:
  1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)
  National holiday:
  Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
  Constitution:
  history: consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982 (2018)
  amendments: proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two-thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent to and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require the unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent to by the governor general in council; amended 11 times, last in 2011 (Fair Representation Act, 2011) (2018)
  Legal system:
  common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails
  International law organization participation:
  accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Citizenship:
  citizenship by birth: yes
  citizenship by descent only: yes
  dual citizenship recognized: yes
  residency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Judicial branch:
  highest courts: Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court, which prior to that time, were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)
  judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75
  subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlements
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Julie PAYETTE (since 2 October 2017)
  head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (Liberal Party) (since 4 November 2015)
  cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament
  elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general

  note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial; Julie PAYETTE, a former space shuttle astronaut, is Canada's fourth female governor general but the first to have flown in space

  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:
  Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75)
  House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote with terms up to 4 years)
  elections:
  House of Commons - last held on 19 October 2015 (next to be held on 21 October 2019)
  election results:
  Senate - composition - men 74, women 31, percent of women 29.5%
  House of Commons - percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 39.5%, CPC 31.9%, NDP 19.7%, Bloc Quebecois 4.7%, Greens 3.4%, other 0.8%; seats by party - Liberal Party 184, CPC 99, NDP 44, Bloc Quebecois 10, Greens 1
  note: seats by party, as of December 2018 - Liberal Party 181, CPC 96, NDP 41, Bloc Quebecois 10, Greens 1, People's Party of Canada 1, independent 4, vacant 4; composition - men 250, women 88, percent of women 26%; note - total Parliament percent of women 26.9%
  Political parties and leaders:
  Bloc Quebecois [Mario BEAULIEU]
  Conservative Party of Canada or CPC [Andrew SCHEER]
  Green Party [Elizabeth MAY]
  Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU]
  New Democratic Party or NDP [Jagmeet SINGH]
  People's Party of Canada [Maxime BERNIER]
  International organization participation:
  ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador David Brookes MACNAUGHTON (since 2 March 2016)
  chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
  telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740
  FAX: [1] (202) 682-7726
  consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco/Silicon Valley, Seattle
  trade office(s): Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Kelly CRAFT (since 23 October 2017)
  embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
  mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430; P.O. Box 866, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5T1
  telephone: [1] (613) 688-5335
  FAX: [1] (613) 688-3082
  consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver
  consulate(s): Winnipeg
  Flag description:
  two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol
  National symbol(s):
  maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white
  National anthem:
  name: O Canada
  lyrics/music: Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE

  note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, "O Canada" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, "God Save the Queen" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

- Economy :: Canada
- Economy - overview:

  Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. Canada has a large oil and natural gas sector with the majority of crude oil production derived from oil sands in the western provinces, especially Alberta. Canada now ranks third in the world in proved oil reserves behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia and is the world’s seventh-largest oil producer.

  TThe 1989 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (which includes Mexico) dramatically increased trade and economic integration between the US and Canada. Canada and the US enjoy the world’s most comprehensive bilateral trade and investment relationship, with goods and services trade totaling more than $680 billion in 2017, and two-way investment stocks of more than $800 billion. Over three-fourths of Canada’s merchandise exports are destined for the US each year. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of energy to the US, including oil, natural gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports.

  Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital stock, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. The global economic crisis of 2007-08 moved the Canadian economy into sharp recession by late 2008, and Ottawa posted its first fiscal deficit in 2009 after 12 years of surplus. Canada's major banks emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the financial sector's tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. Canada’s economy posted strong growth in 2017 at 3%, but most analysts are projecting Canada’s economic growth will drop back closer to 2% in 2018.

  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $1.774 trillion (2017 est.)
  $1.721 trillion (2016 est.)
  $1.697 trillion (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 17
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $1.653 trillion (2017 est.) (2017 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  3% (2017 est.)
  1.4% (2016 est.)
  1% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 112
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $48,400 (2017 est.)
  $47,500 (2016 est.)
  $47,400 (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 34
  Gross national saving:
  20.8% of GDP (2017 est.)
  20% of GDP (2016 est.)
  20.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 57.8% (2017 est.)
  government consumption: 20.8% (2017 est.)
  investment in fixed capital: 23% (2017 est.)
  investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.)
  exports of goods and services: 30.9% (2017 est.)
  imports of goods and services: -33.2% (2017 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 1.6% (2017 est.)
  industry: 28.2% (2017 est.)
  services: 70.2% (2017 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy products; fish; forest products
  Industries:
  transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas
  Industrial production growth rate:
  4.9% (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 60
  Labor force:
  19.52 million (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 2%
  industry: 13%
  services: 6%
  industry and services: 76%
  manufacturing: 3% (2006 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  6.3% (2017 est.)
  7% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Population below poverty line:
  9.4% (2008 est.)

  note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line

  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 24.8% (2000)
  highest 10%: 24.8% (2000)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  32.1 (2005)
  31.5 (1994)
  country comparison to the world: 119
  Budget:
  revenues: 649.6 billion (2017 est.)
  expenditures: 665.7 billion (2017 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  39.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 77
  Public debt:
  89.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
  91.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

  note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level

  country comparison to the world: 25
  Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.6% (2017 est.)
  1.4% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  Central bank discount rate:
  1% (31 December 2010)
  0.25% (31 December 2009)
  country comparison to the world: 133
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  3.2% (31 December 2017 est.)
  2.7% (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 172
  Stock of narrow money:
  $748.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $637.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Stock of broad money:
  $748.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $637.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $3.219 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $2.802 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $1.593 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)
  $2.095 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)
  $2.114 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Current account balance:
  -$48.75 billion (2017 est.)
  -$49.32 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 204
  Exports:
  $423.5 billion (2017 est.)
  $393.5 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Exports - partners:
  US 76.4%, China 4.3% (2017)
  Exports - commodities:
  motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum
  Imports:
  $442.1 billion (2017 est.)
  $413.4 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 12
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods
  Imports - partners:
  US 51.5%, China 12.6%, Mexico 6.3% (2017)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $86.68 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $82.72 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Debt - external:
  $1.608 trillion (31 March 2016 est.)
  $1.55 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $1.039 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $1.004 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $1.371 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $1.277 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 11
  Exchange rates:
  Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -
  1.308 (2017 est.)
  1.3256 (2016 est.)
  1.3256 (2015 est.)
  1.2788 (2014 est.)
  1.0298 (2013 est.)
- Energy :: Canada
- Electricity access:
  electrification - total population: 100% (2016)
  Electricity - production:
  649.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Electricity - consumption:
  522.2 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Electricity - exports:
  73.35 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 2
  Electricity - imports:
  2.682 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 52
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  143.5 million kW (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 191
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 16
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  56% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 30
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  12% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Crude oil - production:
  3.977 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Crude oil - exports:
  2.818 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  Crude oil - imports:
  806,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  170.5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 3
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  2.009 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  2.445 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 10
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  1.115 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  405,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 21
  Natural gas - production:
  159.1 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 5
  Natural gas - consumption:
  124.4 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Natural gas - exports:
  83.96 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 5
  Natural gas - imports:
  26.36 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  2.056 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 16
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  640.6 million Mt (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
- Communications :: Canada
- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 14,700,854 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 41 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total subscriptions: 31,458,600 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 88 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology; consumer demand for mobile data services have promted telecos to invest and pomote LTE infrastructure, and further investment in 5G; government policy has aided the extension of broadband to rural and regional areas, with the result that services are almost universally accessible (2017)
  domestic: comparatively low mobile penetration provides further room for growth; domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations; 41 per 100 fixed-line; 88 per 100 mobile-cellular (2017)
  international: country code - 1; submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2016)
  Broadcast media:
  2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 1,119 licensed radio stations (2016)
  Internet country code:
  .ca
  Internet users:
  total: 31,770,034 (July 2016 est.)
  percent of population: 89.8% (July 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 22
  Broadband - fixed subscriptions:
  total: 13,922,504 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 39 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 14
- Transportation :: Canada
- National air transport system:
  number of registered air carriers: 51 (2015)
  inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 879 (2015)
  annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 80,228,301 (2015)
  annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2,074,830,881 mt-km (2015)
  Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
  C (2016)
  Airports:
  1,467 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 523 (2017)
  over 3,047 m: 21 (2017)
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 19 (2017)
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 147 (2017)
  914 to 1,523 m: 257 (2017)
  under 914 m: 79 (2017)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 944 (2013)
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 75 (2013)
  914 to 1,523 m: 385 (2013)
  under 914 m: 484 (2013)
  Heliports:
  26 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  110000 km gas and liquid petroleum (2017)
  Railways:
  total: 77,932 km (2014)
  standard gauge: 77,932 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  Roadways:
  total: 1,042,300 km (2011)
  paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways) (2011)
  unpaved: 626,700 km (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Waterways:
  636 km (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States) (2011)
  country comparison to the world: 77
  Merchant marine:
  total: 639 (2017)
  by type: bulk carrier 16, container ship 1, general cargo 88, oil tanker 15, other 519 (2017)
  country comparison to the world: 32
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick), Vancouver
  oil terminal(s): Lower Lakes terminal
  container port(s) (TEUs): Montreal (1,447,566), Vancouver (2,929,585) (2016)
  LNG terminal(s) (import): Saint John
  river and lake port(s): Montreal, Quebec City, Sept-Isles (St. Lawrence)
  dry bulk cargo port(s): Port-Cartier (iron ore and grain),
  Fraser River Port (Fraser) Hamilton (Lake Ontario)
- Military and Security :: Canada
- Military expenditures:
  1.29% of GDP (2017)
  1.16% of GDP (2016)
  1.2% of GDP (2015)
  1% of GDP (2014)
  1% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 88
  Military branches:
  Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command (2015)
  Military service age and obligation:
  17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2012)
- Transnational Issues :: Canada
- Disputes - international:
  managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North RockCanada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelfUS works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international bordersovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenlandcommencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 8,049 (Colombia), 7,180 (China), 6,874 (Haiti) (2017)
  stateless persons: 3,790 (2017)
  Illicit drugs:
  illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services sector