East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Hong Kong

- Introduction :: Hong Kong
- Background:
  Occupied by the UK in 1841, Hong Kong was formally ceded by China the following year; various adjacent lands were added later in the 19th century. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and the UK on 19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. In this agreement, China promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's socialist economic system would not be imposed on Hong Kong and that Hong Kong would enjoy a "high degree of autonomy" in all matters except foreign and defense affairs for the subsequent 50 years.
- Geography :: Hong Kong
- Location:
  Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China
  Geographic coordinates:
  22 15 N, 114 10 E
  Map references:
  Southeast Asia
  Area:
  total: 1,108 sq km
  land: 1,073 sq km
  water: 35 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 184
  Area - comparative:
  six times the size of Washington, DC
  Land boundaries:
  total: 33 km
  regional borders (1): China 33 km
  Coastline:
  733 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  Climate:
  subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
  Terrain:
  hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north
  Elevation:
  0 m lowest point: South China Sea
  958 highest point: Tai Mo Shan
  Natural resources:
  outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 5% (2011 est.)
  arable land: 3.2% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 0.9% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 0.9% (2011 est.)
  forest: 0% (2011 est.)
  other: 95% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  10 sq km (2012)
  Population distribution:
  population fairly evenly distributed
  Natural hazards:
  occasional typhoons
  Environment - current issues:
  air and water pollution from rapid urbanization; urban waste pollution; industrial pollution
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Marine Dumping (associate member), Ship Pollution (associate member)
  Geography - note:
  consists of a mainland area (the New Territories) and more than 200 islands
- People and Society :: Hong Kong
- Population:
  7,213,338 (July 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Nationality:
  noun: Chinese/Hong Konger
  adjective: Chinese/Hong Kong
  Ethnic groups:
  Chinese 92%, Filipino 2.5%, Indonesian 2.1%, other 3.4% (2016 est.)
  Languages:
  Cantonese (official) 88.9%, English (official) 4.3%, Mandarin (official) 1.9%, other Chinese dialects 3.1%, other 1.9% (2016 est.)
  Religions:
  Buddhist or Taoist 27.9%, Protestant 6.7%, Roman Catholic 5.3%, Muslim 4.2%, Hindu 1.4%, Sikh 0.2%, other or none 54.3% (2016 est.)

  note: many people practice Confucianism, regardless of their religion or not having a religious affiliation

  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 12.38% (male 471,983 /female 420,977)
  15-24 years: 9.89% (male 372,991 /female 340,221)
  25-54 years: 43.96% (male 1,354,676 /female 1,816,303)
  55-64 years: 16.64% (male 571,329 /female 628,774)
  65 years and over: 17.14% (male 580,248 /female 655,836) (2018 est.)
  population pyramid:
  The World Factbook Field Image Modal
  East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Hong Kong Print
  Image Description
  This is the population pyramid for Hong Kong. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
  For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 35.9 (2015 est.)
  youth dependency ratio: 15.2 (2015 est.)
  elderly dependency ratio: 20.7 (2015 est.)
  potential support ratio: 4.8 (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 44.8 years
  male: 43.7 years
  female: 45.5 years (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Population growth rate:
  0.29% (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 172
  Birth rate:
  8.8 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 209
  Death rate:
  7.6 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Net migration rate:
  1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 51
  Population distribution:
  population fairly evenly distributed
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 100% of total population (2018)
  rate of urbanization: 0.82% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  7.429 million Hong Kong (2018)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.1 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  0-14 years: 1.12 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  15-24 years: 1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  25-54 years: 0.74 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  55-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  Mother's mean age at first birth:
  29.8 years (2008 est.)
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 2.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  male: 2.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  female: 2.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 213
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 83.1 years (2018 est.)
  male: 80.4 years (2018 est.)
  female: 86 years (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Total fertility rate:
  1.2 children born/woman (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 221
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  74.8% (2012)
  Physicians density:
  1.91 physicians/1,000 population (2016)
  Hospital bed density:
  5.33 beds/1,000 population (2016)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA
  Education expenditures:
  3.3% of GDP (2017)
  country comparison to the world: 136
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 16 years (2014)
  male: 16 years (2014)
  female: 16 years (2014)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 9.8% (2016 est.)
  male: 11% (2016 est.)
  female: 8.6% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 129
- Government :: Hong Kong
- Country name:
  conventional long form: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
  conventional short form: Hong Kong
  local long form: Heung Kong Takpit Hangching Ku (Eitel/Dyer-Ball)
  local short form: Heung Kong (Eitel/Dyer-Ball)
  abbreviation: HK
  etymology: probably an imprecise phonetic rendering of the Cantonese name meaning "fragrant harbor"
  Xianggang Tebie Xingzhengqu (Hanyu Pinyin) Xianggang (Hanyu Pinyin)
  Dependency status:
  special administrative region of the People's Republic of China
  Government type:
  presidential limited democracy; a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China
  Administrative divisions:
  none (special administrative region of the People's Republic of China)
  Independence:
  none (special administrative region of China)
  National holiday:
  National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 1 July (1997) is celebrated as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day
  Constitution:
  history: several previous (governance documents while under British authority); latest drafted April 1988 to February 1989, approved March 1990, effective 1 July 1997 (Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China serves as the constitution); note - since 1990, China's National People's Congress has interpreted specific articles of the Basic Law
  amendments: proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPC), the People’s Republic of China State Council, and the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong; submittal of proposals to the NPC requires two-thirds majority vote by the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, approval by two-thirds of Hong Kong’s deputies to the NPC, and approval by the Hong Kong chief executive; final passage requires approval by the NPC
  Legal system:
  mixed legal system of common law based on the English model and Chinese customary law (in matters of family and land tenure)
  Citizenship:
  see China
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age in direct elections for half of the Legislative Council seats and all of the seats in 18 district councils; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past 7 years; note - in indirect elections, suffrage is limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies for the other half of the legislature and a 1,200-member election committee for the chief executive drawn from broad sectoral groupings, central government bodies, municipal organizations, and elected Hong Kong officials
  Judicial branch:
  highest courts: Court of Final Appeal (consists of the chief justice, 3 permanent judges, and 20 non-permanent judges); note - a sitting bench consists of the chief justice and 3 permanent judges and 1 non-permanent judge
  judge selection and term of office: all judges appointed by the Hong Kong Chief Executive upon the recommendation of the Judicial Officers Recommendation Commission, an independent body consisting of the Secretary for Justice, other judges, and judicial and legal professionals; permanent judges appointed until normal retirement at age 65, but can be extended; non-permanent judges appointed for renewable 3-year terms without age limit
  subordinate courts: High Court (consists of the Court of Appeal and Court of First Instance); District Courts (includes Family and Land Courts); magistrates' courts; specialized tribunals
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President of China XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013)
  head of government: Chief Executive Carrie LAM (since 1 July 2017)
  cabinet: Executive Council or ExCo appointed by the chief executive
  elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023); chief executive indirectly elected by the Election Committee and appointed by the PRC Government for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 March 2017 (next to be held in 2022)
  election results: Carrie LAM elected chief executive; Election Committee vote - Carrie LAM 777, John TSANG 365, WOO Kwok-hing 21, invalid 23

  note: the Legislative Council voted in June 2010 to expand the Election Committee to 1,200 members

  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral Legislative Council or LegCo (70 seats; 35 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote; 30 members indirectly elected by the approximately 220,000 members of various functional constituencies based on a variety of methods; 5 at large "super-seat" members directly elected by all of Hong Kong’s eligible voters who do not participate in a functional constituency; members serve 4-year terms)
  elections: last held on 4 September 2016; (next to be held in September 2020); note - byelection held on 11 March and 25 November 2018 to fill 5 seats left vacant after 5 legislators were removed from office
  election results: percent of vote by block - pro-democracy 36%; pro-Beijing 40.2%, localist 19%, other 4.8%; seats by block/party - pro-Beijing 40 (DAB 12, BPA 7, FTU 5, Liberal Party 4, NPP 3, other 9); pro-democracy 23 (Democratic Party 7, Civic Party 6, PP-LSD 2, Professional Commons 2, Labor 1, NWSC 1, PTU 1, other democrats 3), localists 6 (ALLin HK 2, CP-PPI-HKRO 1, Demosisto 1, Democracy Groundwork 1, other localist 1), non-aligned independent 1; composition - men 59, women 11, percent of women 15.7%; note - 2 localists were barred from taking office in November 2016 and 4 pro-democracy legislators were removed in July 2017; two pan-democratic, two DAB, and one pro-establishment candidates won the byelections in 2018 to fill the seats vacated by the 5 legislators removed from office; one pro-democracy seat remains unfilled pending a court appeal
  Political parties and leaders:
  parties:
  ALLinHK (alliance of 6 localist groups);
  Business and Professional Alliance or BPA [LO Wai-kwok];
  Civic Party [Alvin YEUNG];
  Civic Passion or CP [CHENG Chung-tai] (part of Civic Passion-Proletariat Political Institute-Hong Kong Resurgence Order alliance or CP-PPI-HKRO that dissolved after the 2016 election);
  Democracy Groundwork [LAU Siu-lai];
  Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong or DAB [Starry LEE Wai-king];
  Democratic Party [WU Chi-wai];
  Demosisto [Ivan LAM];
  Federation of Trade Unions or FTU [Stanley NG Chau-pei];
  Labor Party [Steven KWOK Wing-kin];
  League of Social Democrats or LSD [Avery NG Man-yuen];
  Liberal Party [Felix CHUNG Kwok-pan];
  Neighborhood and Workers Service Center or NWSC [LEUNG Yui-chung];
  New People's Party or NPP [Regina IP Lau Su-yee];
  People Power or PP [Raymond CHAN];
  Youngspiration [Sixtus "Baggio" LEUNG Chung-hang];
  others:
  Professional Commons [Charles Peter MOK] (think tank);
  Professional Teachers Union or PTU

  note: political blocks include: pro-democracy - Civic Party, Democratic Party, Labor Party, LSD, NWSC, PP, Professional Commons, PTU; pro-Beijing - DAB, FTU, Liberal Party, NPP, BPA; localist - ALLinHK, CP, Democracy Groundwork, Demosisto; there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies

  International organization participation:
  ADB, APEC, BIS, FATF, ICC (national committees), IHO, IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITUC (NGOs), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  telephone: [1] 202 331-8947
  FAX: [1] 202 331-8958
  commissioner:

  Eddie MAK (since 3 July 2018)

  office: 1520 18th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
  HKETO offices: New York, San Francisco
  none (Special Administrative Region of China); Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office (HKETO) carries out normal liaison activities and communication with the US Government and other US entities
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Consul General Kurt W. TONG (since 27 August 2016); note - also accredited to Macau
  mailing address: Unit 8000, Box 1, DPO AP 96521-0006
  telephone: [852] 2523-9011
  FAX: [852] 2845-1598
  consulate(s) general: 26 Garden Road, Hong Kong
  Flag description:
  red with a stylized, white, five-petal Bauhinia flower in the center; each petal contains a small, red, five-pointed star in its middle; the red color is the same as that on the Chinese flag and represents the motherland; the fragrant Bauhinia - developed in Hong Kong the late 19th century - has come to symbolize the region; the five stars echo those on the flag of China
  National symbol(s):
  orchid tree flower; national colors: red, white
  National anthem:

  note: as a Special Administrative Region of China, "Yiyongjun Jinxingqu" is the official anthem (see China)

- Economy :: Hong Kong
- Economy - overview:

  Hong Kong has a free market economy, highly dependent on international trade and finance - the value of goods and services trade, including the sizable share of reexports, is about four times GDP. Hong Kong has no tariffs on imported goods, and it levies excise duties on only four commodities, whether imported or produced locally: hard alcohol, tobacco, oil, and methyl alcohol. There are no quotas or dumping laws. Hong Kong continues to link its currency closely to the US dollar, maintaining an arrangement established in 1983.

  Excess liquidity, low interest rates and a tight housing supply have caused Hong Kong property prices to rise rapidly. The lower and middle-income segments of the population increasingly find housing unaffordable.

  Hong Kong's open economy has left it exposed to the global economic situation. Its continued reliance on foreign trade and investment makes it vulnerable to renewed global financial market volatility or a slowdown in the global economy.

  Mainland China has long been Hong Kong's largest trading partner, accounting for about half of Hong Kong's total trade by value. Hong Kong's natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be imported. As a result of China's easing of travel restrictions, the number of mainland tourists to the territory surged from 4.5 million in 2001 to 47.3 million in 2014, outnumbering visitors from all other countries combined. After peaking in 2014, overall tourist arrivals dropped 2.5% in 2015 and 4.5% in 2016. The tourism sector rebounded in 2017, with visitor arrivals rising 3.2% to 58.47 million. Travelers from Mainland China totaled 44.45 million, accounting for 76% of the total.

  The Hong Kong Government is promoting the Special Administrative Region (SAR) as the preferred business hub for renminbi (RMB) internationalization. Hong Kong residents are allowed to establish RMB-denominated savings accounts, RMB-denominated corporate and Chinese government bonds have been issued in Hong Kong, RMB trade settlement is allowed, and investment schemes such as the Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (RQFII) Program was first launched in Hong Kong. Offshore RMB activities experienced a setback, however, after the People’s Bank of China changed the way it set the central parity rate in August 2015. RMB deposits in Hong Kong fell from 1.0 trillion RMB at the end of 2014 to 559 billion RMB at the end of 2017, while RMB trade settlement handled by banks in Hong Kong also shrank from 6.8 trillion RMB in 2015 to 3.9 trillion RMB in 2017.

  Hong Kong has also established itself as the premier stock market for Chinese firms seeking to list abroad. In 2015, mainland Chinese companies constituted about 50% of the firms listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and accounted for about 66% of the exchange's market capitalization.

  During the past decade, as Hong Kong's manufacturing industry moved to the mainland, its service industry has grown rapidly. In 2014, Hong Kong and China signed a new agreement on achieving basic liberalization of trade in services in Guangdong Province under the Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), adopted in 2003 to forge closer ties between Hong Kong and the mainland. The new measures, which took effect in March 2015, cover a negative list and a most-favored treatment provision. On the basis of the Guangdong Agreement, the Agreement on Trade in Services signed in November 2015 further enhanced liberalization, including extending the implementation of the majority of Guangdong pilot liberalization measures to the whole Mainland, reducing the restrictive measures in the negative list, and adding measures in the positive lists for cross-border services as well as cultural and telecommunications services. In June 2017, the Investment Agreement and the Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation (Ecotech Agreement) were signed under the framework of CEPA.

  Hong Kong’s economic integration with the mainland continues to be most evident in the banking and finance sector. Initiatives like the Hong Kong-Shanghai Stock Connect, the Hong Kong- Shenzhen Stock Connect the Mutual Recognition of Funds, and the Bond Connect scheme are all important steps towards opening up the Mainland’s capital markets and have reinforced Hong Kong’s role as China’s leading offshore RMB market. Additional connect schemes such as ETF Connect (for exchange-traded fund products) are also under exploration by Hong Kong authorities. In 2017, Chief Executive Carrie LAM announced plans to increase government spending on research and development, education, and technological innovation with the aim of spurring continued economic growth through greater sector diversification.

  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $455.9 billion (2017 est.)
  $439.2 billion (2016 est.)
  $429.9 billion (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 43
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $341.4 billion (2017 est.) (2017 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  3.8% (2017 est.)
  2.2% (2016 est.)
  2.4% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 87
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $61,500 (2017 est.)
  $59,500 (2016 est.)
  $58,800 (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 18
  Gross national saving:
  26.6% of GDP (2017 est.)
  25.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
  24.9% of GDP (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 47
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 67% (2017 est.)
  government consumption: 9.9% (2017 est.)
  investment in fixed capital: 21.8% (2017 est.)
  investment in inventories: 0.4% (2017 est.)
  exports of goods and services: 188% (2017 est.)
  imports of goods and services: -187.1% (2017 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 0.1% (2017 est.)
  industry: 7.6% (2017 est.)
  services: 92.3% (2017 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  fresh vegetables and fruit; poultry, pork; fish
  Industries:
  trading and logistics, financial services, professional services, tourism, cultural and creative, clothing and textiles, shipping, electronics, toys, clocks and watches
  Industrial production growth rate:
  1.7% (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 139
  Labor force:
  3.965 million (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 3.8% (2013 est.)
  industry: 2% (2016 est.)
  services: 54.5% (2016 est.)
  industry and services: 12.5% (2013 est.)
  agriculture/fishing/forestry/mining: 10.1% (2013)
  manufacturing: 17.1% (2013 est.)

  note: above data exclude public sector

  Unemployment rate:
  3.1% (2017 est.)
  3.4% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 38
  Population below poverty line:
  19.9% (2016 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 38.1% NA (2016)
  highest 10%: NA
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  53.9 (2016)
  53.7 (2011 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Budget:
  revenues: 79.34 billion (2017 est.)
  expenditures: 61.64 billion (2017 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  23.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 128
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  5.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 6
  Public debt:
  0.1% of GDP (2017 est.)
  0.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 208
  Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.5% (2017 est.)
  2.4% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 81
  Central bank discount rate:
  1.75% (31 December 2017)
  1% (31 December 2016)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  5% (31 December 2017 est.)
  5% (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 150
  Stock of narrow money:
  $311.1 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $285.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 16
  Stock of broad money:
  $311.1 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $285.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 16
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $825.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $676.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 19
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $4.359 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $3.175 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
  $3.165 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 4
  Current account balance:
  $14.75 billion (2017 est.)
  $12.71 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 20
  Exports:
  $537.8 billion (2017 est.)
  $460 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 8
  Exports - partners:
  China 54.1%, US 7.7% (2017)
  Exports - commodities:
  electrical machinery and appliances, textiles, apparel, watches and clocks, toys, "jewelry, goldsmiths' and silversmiths' wares, and other articles of precious or semi-precious materials"; Hong Kong plays an important role as entrepot to the Chinese mainland; in 2017, 58% of Hong Kong’s re-exports originated in mainland China, and 54% were destined for the Chinese mainland
  Imports:
  $561.8 billion (2017 est.)
  $518.2 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Imports - commodities:
  raw materials and semi-manufactures, consumer goods, capital goods, foodstuffs, fuel (most is reexported)
  Imports - partners:
  China 44.6%, Singapore 6.4%, Japan 6.1%, South Korea 5.5%, US 5.2% (2017)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $431.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $386.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 7
  Debt - external:
  $633.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $1.349 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $2.2 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $1.616 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 3
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $2.036 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $1.538 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 5
  Exchange rates:
  Hong Kong dollars (HKD) per US dollar -
  7.82 (2017 est.)
  7.76 (2016 est.)
  7.762 (2015 est.)
  7.752 (2014 est.)
  7.754 (2013 est.)
- Energy :: Hong Kong
- Electricity access:
  electrification - total population: 100% (2016)
  Electricity - production:
  35.97 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 60
  Electricity - consumption:
  41.84 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 54
  Electricity - exports:
  1.205 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Electricity - imports:
  11.62 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 21
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  12.63 million kW (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  100% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 108
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 178
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 192
  Crude oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 149
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 138
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 142
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 146
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 158
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  403,100 bbl/day (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 38
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  13,570 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 76
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  402,100 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 22
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 147
  Natural gas - consumption:
  3.37 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 69
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 122
  Natural gas - imports:
  3.37 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 148
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  102.5 million Mt (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
- Communications :: Hong Kong
- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 4,266,837 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 59 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 32
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total subscriptions: 18,340,347 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 255 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 61
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services; some of the highest peak average broadband speeds in the world; HK will be the earliest adopters of 5G mobile technology in 2020; almost all households have access to high-speed broadband connectivity; in the next five years the government has organized the development of 'smart cities' in six areas - "smart mobility", "smart living", and "smart envirnoment" by 2022 (2017)
  domestic: microwave radio relay links and extensive fiber-optic network; fixed-line is 59 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 255 per 100 (2017)
  international: country code - 852; multiple international submarine cables provide connections to Asia, US, Australia, the Middle East, and Western Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); coaxial cable to Guangzhou, China (2015)
  Broadcast media:
  4 commercial terrestrial TV networks each with multiple stations; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems available; 3 licensed broadcasters of terrestrial radio, one of which is government funded, operate about 12 radio stations; note - 4 digital radio broadcasters operated in Hong Kong from 2010 to 2017, but all digital radio services were terminated in September 2017 due to weak market demand (2018)
  Internet country code:
  .hk
  Internet users:
  total: 6.066 million (July 2016 est.)
  percent of population: 85% (July 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 68
  Broadband - fixed subscriptions:
  total: 2,645,752 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 37 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 43
- Transportation :: Hong Kong
- National air transport system:
  number of registered air carriers: 7 (registered in China) (2015)
  inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 253 (registered in China) (2015)
  annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 41,867,157 (2015)
  annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 11.294 billion mt-km (2015)
  Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
  B-H (2016)
  Airports:
  2 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 201
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 2 (2017)
  over 3,047 m: 1 (2017)
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017)
  Heliports:
  9 (2013)
  Roadways:
  total: 2,100 km (2015)
  paved: 2,100 km (2015)
  country comparison to the world: 173
  Merchant marine:
  total: 2,576 (2017)
  by type: bulk carrier 1142, container ship 471, general cargo 226, oil tanker 346, other 391 (2017)
  country comparison to the world: 9
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Hong Kong
  container port(s) (TEUs): Hong Kong (19,813,000) (2016)
- Military and Security :: Hong Kong
- Military branches:
  no regular indigenous military forces; Hong Kong garrison of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) includes elements of the PLA Army, PLA Navy, and PLA Air Force; these forces are under the direct leadership of the Central Military Commission in Beijing and under administrative control of the adjacent Southern Theater Command (2018)
  Military - note:
  defense is the responsibility of China
- Transnational Issues :: Hong Kong
- Disputes - international:
  Hong Kong plans to reduce its 2,800-hectare Frontier Closed Area (FCA) to 400 hectares by 2015; the FCA was established in 1951 as a buffer zone between Hong Kong and mainland China to prevent illegal migration from and the smuggling of goods
  Illicit drugs:
  despite strenuous law enforcement efforts, faces difficult challenges in controlling transit of heroin and methamphetamine to regional and world markets; modern banking system provides conduit for money laundering; rising indigenous use of synthetic drugs, especially among young people