Europe :: Montenegro

- Introduction :: Montenegro
- Background:
  The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008.
- Geography :: Montenegro
- Location:
  Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
  Geographic coordinates:
  42 30 N, 19 18 E
  Map references:
  Europe
  Area:
  total: 13,812 sq km
  land: 13,452 sq km
  water: 360 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 162
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Connecticut
  Land boundaries:
  total: 680 km
  border countries (5): Albania 186 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km, Croatia 19 km, Kosovo 76 km, Serbia 157 km
  Coastline:
  293.5 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  continental shelf: defined by treaty
  Climate:
  Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
  Terrain:
  highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
  Elevation:
  mean elevation: 1,086 m
  elevation extremes: 0 m lowest point: Adriatic Sea
  2522 highest point: Bobotov Kuk
  Natural resources:
  bauxite, hydroelectricity
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 38.2% (2011 est.)
  arable land: 12.9% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 1.2% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 24.1% (2011 est.)
  forest: 40.4% (2011 est.)
  other: 21.4% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  24 sq km (2012)
  Population distribution:
  highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area
  Natural hazards:
  destructive earthquakes
  Environment - current issues:
  pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  strategic location along the Adriatic coast
- People and Society :: Montenegro
- Population:
  614,249 (July 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Nationality:
  noun: Montenegrin(s)
  adjective: Montenegrin
  Ethnic groups:
  Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)
  Languages:
  Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)
  Religions:
  Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 18.22% (male 58,219 /female 53,718)
  15-24 years: 13.05% (male 41,406 /female 38,755)
  25-54 years: 40.16% (male 122,940 /female 123,746)
  55-64 years: 13.47% (male 40,661 /female 42,089)
  65 years and over: 15.09% (male 39,899 /female 52,816) (2018 est.)
  population pyramid:
  The World Factbook Field Image Modal
  Europe :: Montenegro Print
  Image Description
  This is the population pyramid for Montenegro. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
  For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 47.8 (2015 est.)
  youth dependency ratio: 27.3 (2015 est.)
  elderly dependency ratio: 20.5 (2015 est.)
  potential support ratio: 4.9 (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 38.9 years
  male: 37.4 years
  female: 40.4 years (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 57
  Population growth rate:
  -0.34% (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 218
  Birth rate:
  11.9 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 168
  Death rate:
  10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 30
  Population distribution:
  highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 66.8% of total population (2018)
  rate of urbanization: 0.54% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  0-14 years: 0.97 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  15-24 years: 0.83 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  25-54 years: 1.17 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  Mother's mean age at first birth:
  26.3 years (2010 est.)
  Maternal mortality rate:
  7 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 163
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  23.3% (2013)
  Health expenditures:
  6.4% of GDP (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 97
  Physicians density:
  2.34 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
  Hospital bed density:
  4 beds/1,000 population (2012)
  Drinking water source:
  improved: urban: 100% of population
  rural: 99.2% of population
  total: 99.7% of population
  unimproved: urban: 0% of population
  rural: 0.8% of population
  total: 0.3% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved: urban: 98% of population (2015 est.)
  rural: 92.2% of population (2015 est.)
  total: 95.9% of population (2015 est.)
  unimproved: urban: 2% of population (2015 est.)
  rural: 7.8% of population (2015 est.)
  total: 4.1% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  <.1% (2017 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  <500 (2017 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  <100 (2017 est.)
  Major infectious diseases:
  degree of risk: intermediate (2016)
  food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea (2016)
  vectorborne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2016)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  23.3% (2016)
  country comparison to the world: 66
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  1% (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Education expenditures:
  NA
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
  total population: 98.7% (2015 est.)
  male: 99.5% (2015 est.)
  female: 98% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 15 years (2010)
  male: 15 years (2010)
  female: 15 years (2010)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 37.7% (2015 est.)
  male: 39.9% (2015 est.)
  female: 34.5% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 17
- Government :: Montenegro
- Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Montenegro
  local long form: none
  local short form: Crna Gora
  former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
  etymology: the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means "black mountain" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area
  Government type:
  parliamentary republic
  Capital:
  name: Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"
  geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E
  time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
  Administrative divisions:
  23 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak
  Independence:
  3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)
  National holiday:
  National Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement)
  Constitution:
  history: several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007 (2016)
  amendments: proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013, 2014 (2016)
  Legal system:
  civil law
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Citizenship:
  citizenship by birth: no
  citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro
  dual citizenship recognized: no
  residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Judicial branch:
  highest courts: Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)
  judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms
  subordinate courts: Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 20 May 2018)
  head of government: Prime Minister Dusko MARKOVIC (since 28 November 2016)
  cabinet: Ministers act as cabinet
  elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 April 2018 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly
  election results: Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
  elections: last held on 16 October 2016 (next to be held by October 2020)
  election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 41.4%, DF 20.3%, Key Coalition, 11.1%, DCG 10.0%, SDP 5.2%, SD 3.3%, BS, 3.2%, Albanians Decisively 1.3%, HGI .5%, other 3.7%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 36, DF 18, Key Coalition 9, DCG 8, SDP 4, SD 2, BS 2, Albanians Decisively 1, HGI 1; composition - men 62, women 19, percent of women 23.5%
  Political parties and leaders:
  Albanians Decisively [Genci NIMANBEGU] (electoral coalition included FORCA, AA, DUA)
  Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DJELOSAJ]
  Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]
  Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC]
  Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC]
  Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP)
  Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Aleksa BECIC]
  Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]
  Democratic People's Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC]
  Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA]
  Key Coalition [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes DEMOS, SNP, URA]
  Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC]
  Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]
  New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]
  New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]
  Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]
  Social Democrats or SD [Ivan BRAJOVIC]
  Socialist People's Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC]
  True Montenegro or PRAVA [Marko MILACIC]
  United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS)
  United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC]
  Workers' Party or RP [Janko VUCINIC]
  International organization participation:
  CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Nebojsa KALUDEROVIC (since 18 January 2017)
  chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009
  telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108
  FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109
  consulate(s) general: New York
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)
  embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
  mailing address: use embassy street address
  telephone: [382] 20-410-500
  FAX: [382] 20-241-358
  Flag description:
  a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy
  National symbol(s):
  double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold
  National anthem:
  name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)
  lyrics/music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC

  note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song

- Economy :: Montenegro
- Economy - overview:

  Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. Around 90% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism, which accounts for more than 20% of Montenegro’s GDP, brings in three times as many visitors as Montenegro’s total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. In addition to tourism, energy and agriculture are considered two distinct pillars of the economy. Only 20% of Montenegro’s hydropower potential is utilized. Montenegro plans to become a net energy exporter, and the construction of an underwater cable to Italy, which will be completed by the end of 2018, will help meet its goal.

  Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EU in 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime.

  The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. Net foreign direct investment in 2017 reached $848 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe, due to a low corporate tax rate. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro in 2017 were Norway, Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan and Hungary.

  Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country’s highway system, which will become part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Cheaper borrowing costs have stimulated Montenegro’s growing debt, which currently sits at 65.9% of GDP, with a forecast, absent fiscal consolidation, to increase to 80% once the repayment to China’s Ex/Im Bank of a €800 million highway loan begins in 2019. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. The Montenegrin Government increased the non-tourism Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 21% as of January 2018, with the goal of reducing its public debt.

  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $11.08 billion (2017 est.)
  $10.63 billion (2016 est.)
  $10.32 billion (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 160
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $4.784 billion (2017 est.) (2017 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  4.3% (2017 est.)
  2.9% (2016 est.)
  3.4% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 69
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $17,800 (2017 est.)
  $17,100 (2016 est.)
  $16,600 (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 99
  Gross national saving:
  13.2% of GDP (2017 est.)
  9.9% of GDP (2016 est.)
  9.1% of GDP (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 144
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 76.8% (2016 est.)
  government consumption: 19.6% (2016 est.)
  investment in fixed capital: 23.2% (2016 est.)
  investment in inventories: 2.9% (2016 est.)
  exports of goods and services: 40.5% (2016 est.)
  imports of goods and services: -63% (2016 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 7.5% (2016 est.)
  industry: 15.9% (2016 est.)
  services: 76.6% (2016 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives and related products, grapes; sheep, wine
  Industries:
  steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
  Industrial production growth rate:
  -4.2% (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 194
  Labor force:
  273,200 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 167
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 7.9%
  industry: 17.1%
  services: 75% (2017 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  16.1% (2017 est.)
  17.1% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Population below poverty line:
  8.6% (2013 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 25.7% (2014 est.)
  highest 10%: 25.7%
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  31.9 (2014 est.)
  32.3 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 122
  Budget:
  revenues: 1.78 billion (2017 est.)
  expenditures: 2.05 billion (2017 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  37.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 55
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -5.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 175
  Public debt:
  67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)
  66.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

  note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

  country comparison to the world: 55
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.4% (2017 est.)
  -0.3% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 120
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  6.81% (31 December 2017 est.)
  7.45% (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Stock of narrow money:
  $1.284 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  $1.072 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 150
  Stock of broad money:
  $2.37 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  $2.235 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 137
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $3.239 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $2.547 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 137
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $3.425 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $3.027 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  $3.246 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Current account balance:
  -$780 million (2017 est.)
  -$710 million (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 133
  Exports:
  $422.2 million (2017 est.)
  $362 million (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 181
  Imports:
  $2.618 billion (2017 est.)
  $2.29 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 155
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $1.077 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $846.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 131
  Debt - external:
  $2.516 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $2.224 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 149
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $737.7 million (31 December 2017 est.)
  $763.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $39.77 million (31 December 2017 est.)
  $213.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 115
  Exchange rates:
  euros (EUR) per US dollar -
  0.885 (2017 est.)
  0.903 (2016 est.)
  0.9214 (2015 est.)
  0.885 (2014 est.)
  0.7634 (2013 est.)
- Energy :: Montenegro
- Electricity access:
  electrification - total population: 100% (2016)
  Electricity - production:
  3.045 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 132
  Electricity - consumption:
  2.808 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 138
  Electricity - exports:
  914 million kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 59
  Electricity - imports:
  1.21 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 65
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  890,000 kW (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 133
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 192
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 146
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  69% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 18
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  8% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 88
  Crude oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 175
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 167
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 169
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 171
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 180
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  6,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 172
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  357 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  6,448 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 163
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 173
  Natural gas - consumption:
  0 cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 177
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 154
  Natural gas - imports:
  0 cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 159
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 172
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  2.287 million Mt (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 156
- Communications :: Montenegro
- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 152,155 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 128
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total subscriptions: 1,044,674 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 163 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 158
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites (2015)
  domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing (2015)
  international: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system (2015)
  Broadcast media:
  state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 3 local public TV stations and 13 private TV stations; 13 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and a few on-line media (2018)
  Internet country code:
  .me
  Internet users:
  total: 450,442 (July 2016 est.)
  percent of population: 69.9% (July 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 151
  Broadband - fixed subscriptions:
  total: 137,426 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 115
- Transportation :: Montenegro
- National air transport system:
  number of registered air carriers: 1 (2015)
  inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 6 (2015)
  annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 526,980 (2015)
  annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 0 mt-km (2015)
  Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
  4O (2016)
  Airports:
  5 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 181
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 5 (2017)
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2017)
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017)
  914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2017)
  under 914 m: 1 (2017)
  Heliports:
  1 (2012)
  Railways:
  total: 250 km (2017)
  standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified) (2017)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Roadways:
  total: 7,762 km (2010)
  paved: 7,141 km (2010)
  unpaved: 621 km (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 143
  Merchant marine:
  total: 12 (2017)
  by type: bulk carrier 4, other 8 (2017)
  country comparison to the world: 145
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Bar
- Military and Security :: Montenegro
- Military expenditures:
  1.7% of GDP (2018)
  1.66% of GDP (2017)
  1.61% of GDP (2016)
  1.38% of GDP (2015)
  1.47% of GDP (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 66
  Military branches:
  Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Ground Troops (Kopnena Vojska), Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2016)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)
- Terrorism :: Montenegro
- Terrorist groups - foreign based:
  Aum Shinrikyo (AUM):
  aim(s): enhance its networks in Montenegro for recruitment and fundraising
  area(s) of operation: maintains a limited presence; membership drastically depleted in March 2016 when authorities expelled 58 foreign members (April 2018)
- Transnational Issues :: Montenegro
- Disputes - international:
  none
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  stateless persons: 145 (2017)