Africa :: Tunisia

- Introduction :: Tunisia
- Background:
  Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in convincing the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In November 1987, BOURGUIBA was removed from office and replaced by Zine el Abidine BEN ALI in a bloodless coup. Street protests that began in Tunis in December 2010 over high unemployment, corruption, widespread poverty, and high food prices escalated in January 2011, culminating in rioting that led to hundreds of deaths. On 14 January 2011, the same day BEN ALI dismissed the government, he fled the country, and by late January 2011, a "national unity government" was formed. Elections for the new Constituent Assembly were held in late October 2011, and in December, it elected human rights activist Moncef MARZOUKI as interim president. The Assembly began drafting a new constitution in February 2012 and, after several iterations and a months-long political crisis that stalled the transition, ratified the document in January 2014. Parliamentary and presidential elections for a permanent government were held at the end of 2014. Beji CAID ESSEBSI was elected as the first president under the country's new constitution. CAID ESSEBSI’s term, as well as that of Tunisia’s 217-member Parliament, expires in 2019.
- Geography :: Tunisia
- Location:
  Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya
  Geographic coordinates:
  34 00 N, 9 00 E
  Map references:
  Africa
  Area:
  total: 163,610 sq km
  land: 155,360 sq km
  water: 8,250 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than Georgia
  Area comparison map:
  The World Factbook Field Image Modal
  Africa :: Tunisia Print
  Image Description

  slightly larger than Georgia

  Land boundaries:
  total: 1,495 km
  border countries (2): Algeria 1034 km, Libya 461 km
  Coastline:
  1,148 km
  Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 12 nm
  exclusive economic zone: 12 nm
  contiguous zone: 24 nm
  Climate:
  temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
  Terrain:
  mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara
  Elevation:
  mean elevation: 246 m
  elevation extremes: -17 m lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah
  1544 highest point: Jebel ech Chambi
  Natural resources:
  petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 64.8% (2011 est.)
  arable land: 18.3% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 15.4% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 31.1% (2011 est.)
  forest: 6.6% (2011 est.)
  other: 28.6% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  4,590 sq km (2012)
  Population distribution:
  the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated
  Natural hazards:
  flooding; earthquakes; droughts
  Environment - current issues:
  toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural freshwater resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
  Geography - note:
  strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration
- People and Society :: Tunisia
- Population:
  11,516,189 (July 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Nationality:
  noun: Tunisian(s)
  adjective: Tunisian
  Ethnic groups:
  Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
  Languages:
  Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight)

  note: despite having no official status, French plays a major role in the country and is spoken by about two-thirds of the population

  Religions:
  Muslim (official; Sunni) 99.1%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Shia Muslim, and Baha'i) 1%
  Demographic profile:

  The Tunisian Government took steps in the 1960s to decrease population growth and gender inequality in order to improve socioeconomic development. Through its introduction of a national family planning program (the first in Africa) and by raising the legal age of marriage, Tunisia rapidly reduced its total fertility rate from about 7 children per woman in 1960 to 2 today. Unlike many of its North African and Middle Eastern neighbors, Tunisia will soon be shifting from being a youth-bulge country to having a transitional age structure, characterized by lower fertility and mortality rates, a slower population growth rate, a rising median age, and a longer average life expectancy.

  Currently, the sizable young working-age population is straining Tunisia’s labor market and education and health care systems. Persistent high unemployment among Tunisia’s growing workforce, particularly its increasing number of university graduates and women, was a key factor in the uprisings that led to the overthrow of the BEN ALI regime in 2011. In the near term, Tunisia’s large number of jobless young, working-age adults; deficiencies in primary and secondary education; and the ongoing lack of job creation and skills mismatches could contribute to future unrest. In the longer term, a sustained low fertility rate will shrink future youth cohorts and alleviate demographic pressure on Tunisia’s labor market, but employment and education hurdles will still need to be addressed.

  Tunisia has a history of labor emigration. In the 1960s, workers migrated to European countries to escape poor economic conditions and to fill Europe’s need for low-skilled labor in construction and manufacturing. The Tunisian Government signed bilateral labor agreements with France, Germany, Belgium, Hungary, and the Netherlands, with the expectation that Tunisian workers would eventually return home. At the same time, growing numbers of Tunisians headed to Libya, often illegally, to work in the expanding oil industry. In the mid-1970s, with European countries beginning to restrict immigration and Tunisian-Libyan tensions brewing, Tunisian economic migrants turned toward the Gulf countries. After mass expulsions from Libya in 1983, Tunisian migrants increasingly sought family reunification in Europe or moved illegally to southern Europe, while Tunisia itself developed into a transit point for sub-Saharan migrants heading to Europe.

  Following the ousting of BEN ALI in 2011, the illegal migration of unemployed Tunisian youths to Italy and onward to France soared into the tens of thousands. Thousands more Tunisian and foreign workers escaping civil war in Libya flooded into Tunisia and joined the exodus. A readmission agreement signed by Italy and Tunisia in April 2011 helped stem the outflow, leaving Tunisia and international organizations to repatriate, resettle, or accommodate some 1 million Libyans and third-country nationals.

  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 25.25% (male 1,502,655 /female 1,405,310)
  15-24 years: 13.53% (male 787,178 /female 770,929)
  25-54 years: 43.25% (male 2,426,011 /female 2,554,253)
  55-64 years: 9.75% (male 560,233 /female 562,436)
  65 years and over: 8.22% (male 448,784 /female 498,400) (2018 est.)
  population pyramid:
  The World Factbook Field Image Modal
  Africa :: Tunisia Print
  Image Description
  This is the population pyramid for Tunisia. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
  For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 45.6 (2015 est.)
  youth dependency ratio: 34.5 (2015 est.)
  elderly dependency ratio: 11.1 (2015 est.)
  potential support ratio: 9 (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 32 years
  male: 31.3 years
  female: 32.5 years (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 106
  Population growth rate:
  0.95% (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 116
  Birth rate:
  17.4 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Death rate:
  6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 148
  Net migration rate:
  -1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 153
  Population distribution:
  the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 68.9% of total population (2018)
  rate of urbanization: 1.53% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  2.291 million TUNIS (capital) (2018)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  25-54 years: 0.94 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  55-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  Maternal mortality rate:
  62 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 11.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  male: 12.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  female: 10.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 123
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 75.9 years (2018 est.)
  male: 74.3 years (2018 est.)
  female: 77.6 years (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 99
  Total fertility rate:
  2.17 children born/woman (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 96
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  62.5% (2011/12)
  Health expenditures:
  7% of GDP (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 83
  Physicians density:
  1.29 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
  Hospital bed density:
  2.2 beds/1,000 population (2014)
  Drinking water source:
  improved: urban: 100% of population
  rural: 93.2% of population
  total: 97.7% of population
  unimproved: urban: 0% of population
  rural: 6.8% of population
  total: 2.3% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved: urban: 97.4% of population (2015 est.)
  rural: 79.8% of population (2015 est.)
  total: 91.6% of population (2015 est.)
  unimproved: urban: 2.6% of population (2015 est.)
  rural: 20.2% of population (2015 est.)
  total: 8.4% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  <.1% (2017 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  3,000 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 122
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  <200 (2017 est.)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  26.9% (2016)
  country comparison to the world: 40
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  2.3% (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Education expenditures:
  6.6% of GDP (2015)
  country comparison to the world: 25
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
  total population: 81.8% (2015 est.)
  male: 89.6% (2015 est.)
  female: 74.2% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 15 years (2015)
  male: NA (2015)
  female: NA (2015)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 34.7% (2013 est.)
  male: 33.4% (2013 est.)
  female: 37.7% (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 23
- Government :: Tunisia
- Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia
  conventional short form: Tunisia
  local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
  local short form: Tunis
  etymology: the country name derives from the capital city of Tunis
  Government type:
  parliamentary republic
  Capital:
  name: Tunis
  geographic coordinates: 36 48 N, 10 11 E
  time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  Administrative divisions:
  24 governorates (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), L'Ariana (Aryanah), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba (Manubah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bouzid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)
  Independence:
  20 March 1956 (from France)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 20 March (1956)Revolution and Youth Day, 14 January (2011)
  Constitution:
  history: several previous; latest approved by Constituent Assembly 26 January 2014, signed by the president, prime minister, and Constituent Assembly speaker 27 January 2014 (2017)
  amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by one-third of members of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People; following review by the Constitutional Court, approval to proceed requires an absolute majority vote by the Assembly and final passage requires a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; the president can opt to submit an amendment to a referendum, which requires an absolute majority of votes cast for passage (2017)
  Legal system:
  mixed legal system of civil law, based on the French civil code and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Citizenship:
  citizenship by birth: no
  citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tunisia
  dual citizenship recognized: yes
  residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal except for active government security forces (including the police and the military), people with mental disabilities, people who have served more than three months in prison (criminal cases only), and people given a suspended sentence of more than six months
  Judicial branch:
  highest courts: Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (organized into 1 civil and 3 criminal chambers); Constitutional Court (established in 2014, but remained vacant as of late 2018)
  judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council (SJC), an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder legal specialists; judge tenure based on terms of appointment; Constitutional Court NA
  subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; administrative courts; Court of Audit; Housing Court; courts of first instance; lower district courts; military courts

  note: the new Tunisian constitution of January 2014 called for the creation of a constitutional court by the end of 2015, but as of November 2018, the court had not been appointed; the court will consist of 12 members - 4 each appointed by the president, SJC, and the Chamber of the People's Deputies (parliament); members will serve 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years

  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Beji CAID ESSEBSI (since 31 December 2014)
  head of government: Prime Minister Youssef CHAHED (since 27 August 2016)
  cabinet: selected by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly of the Representatives of the People
  elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 November with a runoff on 21 December 2014 (next to be held in 2019); following legislative elections, the prime minister is selected by the majority party or majority coalition and appointed by the president
  election results: Beji CAID ESSEBSI elected president in second round; percent of vote - Beji CAID ESSEBSI (Call for Tunisia Party) 55.7%, Moncef MARZOUKI (CPR) 44.3%
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral Assembly of the Representatives of the People or Majlis Nuwwab ash-Sha'b (Assemblee des representants du peuple) (217 seats; 199 members directly elected in Tunisian multi-seat constituencies and 18 members in multi-seat constituencies abroad by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
  elections: initial election held on 26 October 2014 (next to be held in 2019)
  election results: percent of vote by party - Call for Tunisia 37.6%, Ennahdha 27.8%, UPL 4.1%, Popular Front 3.6%, Afek Tounes 3%, CPR 2.1%, other 21.8%; seats by party - Call to Tunisia 86, Nahda 69, UPL 16, Popular Front 15, Afek Tounes 8, CPR 4, other 17, independent 2; composition - men 149, women 68, percent of women 31.3%

  Note: in August 2018, Prime Minister CHAHED left the Nidaa Tounes party and began building the "National Coalition" bloc, partnering with the al-Nadha party to form a parliamentary majority; percent of vote by party as of November 2018 - al-Nadha 30.9%, Nidaa Tounes 21.2%, National Coalition 20.3%, Popular Front 6.9%, Machrou Tounes' Al-Horrah Bloc 6.9%, Democratic Bloc 5.5%, Loyalty to the Nation Bloc 5.1%, independent 3.2%; seats by party as of November 2018 - al-Nadha 67, Nidaa Tounes 46, National Coalition 44, Popular Front 15, Machrou Tounes' Al-Horrah Bloc 15, Democratic Bloc 12, Loyalty to the Nation Bloc 11, indpendent 7

  Political parties and leaders:
  Afek Tounes [Yassine BRAHIM]Al Badil Al-Tounisi (The Tunisian Alternative) [Mehdi JOMAA]
  Call for Tunisia (Nidaa Tounes) [Hafedh CAID ESSEBSI]
  Congress for the Republic or CPR [Imed DAIMI]
  Current of Love [Hachemi HAMDI] (formerly the Popular Petition party)
  Democratic Alliance Party [Mohamed HAMDI]
  Democratic Current [Mohamed ABBOU]
  Democratic Patriots' Unified Party [Zied LAKHDHAR]
  Free Patriotic Union or UPL (Union patriotique libre) [Slim RIAHI]
  Green Tunisia Party [Abdelkader ZITOUNI]
  Machrou Tounes (Tunisia Project) [Mohsen MARZOUK]
  Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS [Ahmed KHASKHOUSSI]
  Nahda Movement (The Renaissance) [Rachid GHANNOUCHI]
  National Destourian Initiative or El Moubadra [Kamel MORJANE]
  Party of the Democratic Arab Vanguard [Ahmed JEDDICK, Kheireddine SOUABNI]
  People's Movement [Zouheir MAGHZAOUI]
  Popular Front (coalition includes Democratic Patriots' Unified Party, Workers' Party, Green Tunisia, Tunisian Ba'ath Movement, and Party of the Democratic Arab Vanguard)
  Republican Party [Maya JRIBI]
  Tunisian Ba'ath Movement [OMAR Othman BELHADJ]
  Tunisia First (Tunis Awlan) [Ridha BELHAJ]
  Workers' Party [Hamma HAMMAMI]
  International organization participation:
  ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CD, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Faycal GOUIA (since 18 May 2015)
  chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005
  telephone: [1] (202) 862-1850
  FAX: [1] (202) 862-1858
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel H. RUBINSTEIN (since 26 October 2015)
  embassy: Zone Nord-Est des Berges du Lac Nord de Tunis 1053
  mailing address: Zone Nord-Est des Berges du Lac Nord de Tunis 1053
  telephone: [216] 71 107-000
  FAX: [216] 71 107-090
  Flag description:
  red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam

  note: the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a successor state to the Ottoman Empire

  National symbol(s):
  encircled red star and crescent; national colors: red, white
  National anthem:
  name: "Humat Al Hima" (Defenders of the Homeland)
  lyrics/music: Mustafa Sadik AL-RAFII and Aboul-Qacem ECHEBBI/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB

  note: adopted 1957, replaced 1958, restored 1987; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of the United Arab Emirates

- Economy :: Tunisia
- Economy - overview:

  Tunisia's economy – structurally designed to favor vested interests – faced an array of challenges exposed by the 2008 global financial crisis that helped precipitate the 2011 Arab Spring revolution. After the revolution and a series of terrorist attacks, including on the country’s tourism sector, barriers to economic inclusion continued to add to slow economic growth and high unemployment.

  Following an ill-fated experiment with socialist economic policies in the 1960s, Tunisia focused on bolstering exports, foreign investment, and tourism, all of which have become central to the country's economy. Key exports now include textiles and apparel, food products, petroleum products, chemicals, and phosphates, with about 80% of exports bound for Tunisia's main economic partner, the EU. Tunisia's strategy, coupled with investments in education and infrastructure, fueled decades of 4-5% annual GDP growth and improved living standards. Former President Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (1987-2011) continued these policies, but as his reign wore on cronyism and corruption stymied economic performance, unemployment rose, and the informal economy grew. Tunisia’s economy became less and less inclusive. These grievances contributed to the January 2011 overthrow of BEN ALI, further depressing Tunisia's economy as tourism and investment declined sharply.

  Tunisia’s government remains under pressure to boost economic growth quickly to mitigate chronic socio-economic challenges, especially high levels of youth unemployment, which has persisted since the 2011 revolution. Successive terrorist attacks against the tourism sector and worker strikes in the phosphate sector, which combined account for nearly 15% of GDP, slowed growth from 2015 to 2017. Tunis is seeking increased foreign investment and working with the IMF through an Extended Fund Facility agreement to fix fiscal deficiencies.

  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $137.7 billion (2017 est.)
  $135 billion (2016 est.)
  $133.5 billion (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 78
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $39.96 billion (2017 est.) (2017 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  2% (2017 est.)
  1.1% (2016 est.)
  1.2% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 155
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $11,900 (2017 est.)
  $11,800 (2016 est.)
  $11,800 (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 131
  Gross national saving:
  12% of GDP (2017 est.)
  13.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
  12.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 152
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 71.7% (2017 est.)
  government consumption: 20.8% (2017 est.)
  investment in fixed capital: 19.4% (2017 est.)
  investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
  exports of goods and services: 43.2% (2017 est.)
  imports of goods and services: -55.2% (2017 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 10.1% (2017 est.)
  industry: 26.2% (2017 est.)
  services: 63.8% (2017 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  olives, olive oil, grain, tomatoes, citrus fruit, sugar beets, dates, almonds; beef, dairy products
  Industries:
  petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate, iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages
  Industrial production growth rate:
  0.5% (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 166
  Labor force:
  4.054 million (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 92
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 14.8%
  industry: 33.2%
  services: 51.7% (2014 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  15.5% (2017 est.)
  15.5% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 174
  Population below poverty line:
  15.5% (2010 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 27% (2010 est.)
  highest 10%: 27% (2010 est.)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  40 (2005 est.)
  41.7 (1995 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 68
  Budget:
  revenues: 9.876 billion (2017 est.)
  expenditures: 12.21 billion (2017 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  24.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 120
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -5.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 180
  Public debt:
  70.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
  62.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 51
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  5.3% (2017 est.)
  3.7% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 176
  Central bank discount rate:
  5.75% (31 December 2010)
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  7.31% (31 December 2016 est.)
  6.76% (31 December 2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Stock of narrow money:
  $12.92 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $11.83 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 77
  Stock of broad money:
  $12.92 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $11.83 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $36.19 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $34.18 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 73
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $8.887 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
  $9.662 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
  $10.68 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Current account balance:
  -$4.191 billion (2017 est.)
  -$3.694 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 179
  Exports:
  $13.82 billion (2017 est.)
  $13.57 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 80
  Exports - partners:
  France 32.1%, Italy 17.3%, Germany 12.4% (2017)
  Exports - commodities:
  clothing, semi-finished goods and textiles, agricultural products, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, hydrocarbons, electrical equipment
  Imports:
  $19.09 billion (2017 est.)
  $18.37 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 80
  Imports - commodities:
  textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, foodstuffs
  Imports - partners:
  Italy 15.8%, France 15.1%, China 9.2%, Germany 8.1%, Turkey 4.8%, Algeria 4.7%, Spain 4.5% (2017)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $5.594 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $5.941 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 93
  Debt - external:
  $30.19 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $28.95 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 79
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $37.95 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $37.15 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $285 million (31 December 2017 est.)
  $285 million (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 104
  Exchange rates:
  Tunisian dinars (TND) per US dollar -
  2.48 (2017 est.)
  2.148 (2016 est.)
  2.148 (2015 est.)
  1.9617 (2014 est.)
  1.6976 (2013 est.)
- Energy :: Tunisia
- Electricity access:
  electrification - total population: 100% (2016)
  Electricity - production:
  18.44 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Electricity - consumption:
  15.27 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 79
  Electricity - exports:
  500 million kWh (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 68
  Electricity - imports:
  134 million kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 96
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  5.768 million kW (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 77
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  94% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 49
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 198
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 151
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  5% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Crude oil - production:
  49,170 bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 53
  Crude oil - exports:
  39,980 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 42
  Crude oil - imports:
  17,580 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 66
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  425 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  27,770 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 85
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  102,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 79
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  13,660 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  85,340 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Natural gas - production:
  1.274 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Natural gas - consumption:
  5.125 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 59
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 202
  Natural gas - imports:
  3.851 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 41
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  65.13 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 58
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  23.42 million Mt (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 82
- Communications :: Tunisia
- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 1,113,168 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 76
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total subscriptions: 14,334,080 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 67
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: above the African average and continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; telephone network is completely digitized; Internet access available throughout the country (2016)
  domestic: in an effort to jumpstart expansion of the fixed-line network, the government awarded a concession to build and operate a VSAT network with international connectivity; rural areas are served by wireless local loops; competition between several mobile-cellular service providers has resulted in lower activation and usage charges and a strong surge in subscribership; overall fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has reached about 135 telephones per 100 persons (2016)
  international: country code - 216; a landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; 2 international gateway digital switches (2016)
  Broadcast media:
  broadcast media is mainly government-controlled; the state-run Tunisian Radio and Television Establishment (ERTT) operates 2 national TV networks, several national radio networks, and a number of regional radio stations; 1 TV and 3 radio stations are privately owned and report domestic news stories directly from the official Tunisian news agency; the state retains control of broadcast facilities and transmitters through L'Office National de la Telediffusion; Tunisians also have access to Egyptian, pan-Arab, and European satellite TV channels (2007)
  Internet country code:
  .tn
  Internet users:
  total: 5,665,242 (July 2016 est.)
  percent of population: 50.9% (July 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 70
  Broadband - fixed subscriptions:
  total: 801,785 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 71
- Transportation :: Tunisia
- National air transport system:
  number of registered air carriers: 3 (2015)
  inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 41 (2015)
  annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 3,496,190 (2015)
  annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 10,354,241 mt-km (2015)
  Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
  TS (2016)
  Airports:
  29 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 120
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 15 (2013)
  over 3,047 m: 4 (2013)
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 (2013)
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2013)
  914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2013)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 14 (2013)
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
  914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2013)
  under 914 m: 8 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  68 km condensate, 3111 km gas, 1381 km oil, 453 km refined products (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 2,173 km (1,991 in use) (2014)
  standard gauge: 471 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)
  narrow gauge: 1,694 km 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified) (2014)
  dual gauge: 8 km 1.435-1.000-m gauge (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 71
  Roadways:
  total: 19,418 km (2010)
  paved: 14,756 km (includes 357 km of expressways) (2010)
  unpaved: 4,662 km (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 113
  Merchant marine:
  total: 62 (2017)
  by type: general cargo 13, oil tanker 1, other 48 (2017)
  country comparison to the world: 106
  Ports and terminals:
  major seaport(s): Bizerte, Gabes, Rades, Sfax, Skhira
- Military and Security :: Tunisia
- Military expenditures:
  2.03% of GDP (2017)
  2.32% of GDP (2016)
  2.27% of GDP (2015)
  1.91% of GDP (2014)
  1.64% of GDP (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Military branches:
  Tunisian Armed Forces (Forces Armees Tunisiens, FAT): Tunisian Army (includes Tunisian Air Defense Force), Tunisian Navy, Republic of Tunisia Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Jamahiriyah At'Tunisia) (2012)
  Military service age and obligation:
  20-23 years of age for compulsory service, 1-year service obligation; 18-23 years of age for voluntary service; Tunisian nationality required (2012)
- Terrorism :: Tunisia
- Terrorist groups - home based:
  al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM):
  aim(s): overthrow various African regimes and replace them with one ruled by sharia; establish a regional Islamic caliphate across all of North and West Africa
  area(s) of operation: leadership headquartered in Algeria; operates in Tunisia and Libya
  note: al-Qa'ida's affiliate in North Africa; Tunisia-based branch known as the Uqbah bin Nafi Battalion; Mali-based cadre merged with allies to form JNIM in March 2017, which pledged allegiance to AQIM and al-Qa'ida (April 2018)
  Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia (AAS-T):
  aim(s): expand its influence in Tunisia and, ultimately, replace the Tunisian Government with sharia
  area(s) of operation: headquartered in Tunisia; members instigate riots and violent demonstrations and engage in attacks, targeting Tunisian military and security personnel, Tunisian politicians, religious sites, and Western interests (April 2018)
  Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) network in Tunisia (to include pro-ISIS cells and designated Jund al-Khilafah (JAK-T)):
  aim(s): replace the Tunisian Government with an Islamic state and implement ISIS's strict interpretation of sharia
  area(s) of operation: Tunisian ISIS fighters stage attacks just across the border in Libya against government facilities and personnel and foreign tourists in Tunisia (April 2018)
- Transnational Issues :: Tunisia
- Disputes - international:
  none
  Trafficking in persons:
  current situation: Tunisia is a source, destination, and possible transit country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Tunisia’s increased number of street children, rural children working to support their families, and migrants who have fled unrest in neighboring countries are vulnerable to human trafficking; organized gangs force street children to serve as thieves, beggars, and drug transporters; Tunisian women have been forced into prostitution domestically and elsewhere in the region under false promises of legitimate work; East and West African women may be subjected to forced labor as domestic workers
  tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Tunisia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Tunisia was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; in early 2015, the government drafted a national anti-trafficking action plan outlining proposals to raise awareness and enact draft anti-trafficking legislation; authorities did not provide data on the prosecution and conviction of offenders but reportedly identified 24 victims, as opposed to none in 2013, and operated facilities specifically dedicated to trafficking victims, regardless of nationality and gender; the government did not fully implement its national victim referral mechanism; some unidentified victims were not protected from punishment for unlawful acts directly resulting from being trafficked (2015)