Middle East :: Armenia

- Introduction :: Armenia
- Background:

  Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. During World War I in the western portion of Armenia, the Ottoman Empire instituted a policy of forced resettlement coupled with other harsh practices that resulted in at least 1 million Armenian deaths. The eastern area of Armenia was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia in 1828; this portion declared its independence in 1918, but was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920.

  Armenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated region, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a trilateral cease-fire between Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Nagorno-Karabakh took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also seven surrounding regions - approximately 14 percent of Azerbaijan’s territory. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution.

  Turkey closed the common border with Armenia in 1993 in support of Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over control of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas, further hampering Armenian economic growth. In 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed Protocols normalizing relations between the two countries, but neither country ratified the Protocols, and Armenia officially withdrew from the Protocols in March 2018. In January 2015, Armenia joined Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan as a member of the Eurasian Economic Union. In November 2017, Armenia signed a Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with the EU.

- Geography :: Armenia
- Location:
  Southwestern Asia, between Turkey (to the west) and Azerbaijan; note - Armenia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both
  Geographic coordinates:
  40 00 N, 45 00 E
  Map references:
  Asia
  Area:
  total: 29,743 sq km
  land: 28,203 sq km
  water: 1,540 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 143
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Maryland
  Land boundaries:
  total: 1,570 km
  border countries (4): Azerbaijan 996 km, Georgia 219 km, Iran 44 km, Turkey 311 km
  Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
  Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)
  Climate:
  highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
  Terrain:
  Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley
  Elevation:
  mean elevation: 1,792 m
  elevation extremes: 400 m lowest point: Debed River
  4090 highest point: Aragats Lerrnagagat'
  Natural resources:
  small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 59.7% (2014 est.)
  arable land: 15.8% (2014 est.) / permanent crops: 1.9% (2014 est.) / permanent pasture: 42% (2014 est.)
  forest: 9.1% (2014 est.)
  other: 31.2% (2014 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  2,740 sq km (2012)
  Population distribution:
  most of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the capital of Yerevan is home to more than five times as many people as Gyumri, the second largest city in the country
  Natural hazards:
  occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts
  Environment - current issues:
  soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; deforestation; pollution of Hrazdan and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
  Geography - note:
  landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range
- People and Society :: Armenia
- Population:
  3,038,217 (July 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 137
  Nationality:
  noun: Armenian(s)
  adjective: Armenian
  Ethnic groups:
  Armenian 98.1%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.2%, other 0.7% (2011 est.)
  Languages:
  Armenian (official) 97.9%, Kurdish (spoken by Yezidi minority) 1%, other 1% (2011 est.)

  note: Russian is widely spoken

  Religions:
  Armenian Apostolic 92.6%, Evangelical 1%, other 2.4%, none 1.1%, unspecified 2.9% (2011 est.)
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 18.86% (male 303,712 /female 269,279)
  15-24 years: 12.37% (male 195,722 /female 179,970)
  25-54 years: 43.31% (male 640,089 /female 675,643)
  55-64 years: 13.77% (male 192,515 /female 225,882)
  65 years and over: 11.7% (male 142,835 /female 212,570) (2018 est.)
  population pyramid:
  The World Factbook Field Image Modal
  Middle East :: Armenia Print
  Image Description
  This is the population pyramid for Armenia. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
  For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 44.4 (2015 est.)
  youth dependency ratio: 28.7 (2015 est.)
  elderly dependency ratio: 15.8 (2015 est.)
  potential support ratio: 6.3 (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 35.6 years
  male: 33.9 years
  female: 37.4 years (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Population growth rate:
  -0.25% (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 213
  Birth rate:
  12.6 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 153
  Death rate:
  9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 47
  Net migration rate:
  -5.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 194
  Population distribution:
  most of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the capital of Yerevan is home to more than five times as many people as Gyumri, the second largest city in the country
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 63.1% of total population (2018)
  rate of urbanization: 0.22% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  1.08 million YEREVAN (capital) (2018)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  0-14 years: 1.14 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  25-54 years: 0.93 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  55-64 years: 0.84 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  Mother's mean age at first birth:
  24.4 years (2015/16 est.)
  Maternal mortality rate:
  25 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 120
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 12.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  male: 13.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  female: 10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 110
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 75.1 years (2018 est.)
  male: 71.8 years (2018 est.)
  female: 78.7 years (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 113
  Total fertility rate:
  1.64 children born/woman (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 177
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  57.1% (2015/16)
  Health expenditures:
  4.5% of GDP (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 155
  Physicians density:
  2.8 physicians/1,000 population (2014)
  Hospital bed density:
  4.2 beds/1,000 population (2015)
  Drinking water source:
  improved: urban: 100% of population
  rural: 100% of population
  total: 100% of population
  unimproved: urban: 0% of population
  rural: 0% of population
  total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved: urban: 96.2% of population (2015 est.)
  rural: 78.2% of population (2015 est.)
  total: 89.5% of population (2015 est.)
  unimproved: urban: 3.8% of population (2015 est.)
  rural: 21.8% of population (2015 est.)
  total: 10.5% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.2% (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 91
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  3,400 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  <200 (2017 est.)
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  20.2% (2016)
  country comparison to the world: 101
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  2.6% (2016)
  country comparison to the world: 106
  Education expenditures:
  2.8% of GDP (2016)
  country comparison to the world: 151
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
  total population: 99.7% (2015 est.)
  male: 99.7% (2015 est.)
  female: 99.6% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 13 years (2015)
  male: 13 years (2015)
  female: 13 years (2015)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 36.3% (2016 est.)
  male: 29.5% (2016 est.)
  female: 45.7% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 18
- Government :: Armenia
- Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Armenia
  conventional short form: Armenia
  local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun
  local short form: Hayastan
  former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Armenian Republic
  etymology: the etymology of the country's name remains obscure; according to tradition, the country is named after Hayk, the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and the great-great-grandson of Noah; Hayk's descendant, Aram, purportedly is the source of the name Armenia
  Government type:
  parliamentary democracy; note - constitutional changes adopted in December 2015 transformed the government to a parliamentary system
  Capital:
  name: Yerevan
  geographic coordinates: 40 10 N, 44 30 E
  time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  etymology: name likely derives from the ancient Urartian fortress of Erebuni established on the current site of Yerevan in 782 B.C. and whose impresive ruins still survive
  Administrative divisions:
  11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush, Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan
  Independence:
  21 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 21 September (1991)
  Constitution:
  history: previous 1915, 1978; latest adopted 5 July 1995 (2017)
  amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires approval by the president, by the National Assembly, and by a referendum with at least 25% registered voter participation and more than 50% of votes; constitutional articles on the form of government and democratic procedures are not amendable; amended 2005, 2007, 2008, last in 2015 (2017)

  note: a 2015 amendment, approved in December 2015 by a public referendum and effective for the 2017-18 electoral cycle, changes the government type from the current semi-presidential system to a parliamentary system

  Legal system:
  civil law system
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
  Citizenship:
  citizenship by birth: no
  citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Armenia
  dual citizenship recognized: yes
  residency requirement for naturalization: 3 years
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
  Judicial branch:
  highest courts: Court of Cassation (consists of the Criminal Chamber with a chairman and 5 judges and the Civil and Administrative Chamber with a chairman and 10 judges – with both civil and administrative specializations); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)
  judge selection and term of office: Court of Cassation judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, a 10-member body of selected judges and legal scholars; judges appointed by the president; judges can serve until age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 4 appointed by the president, and 5 elected by the National Assembly; judges can serve until age 70
  subordinate courts: criminal and civil appellate courts; administrative appellate court; first instance courts; specialized administrative and bankruptcy courts
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Armen SARKISSIAN (since 9 April 2018)
  head of government: Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 8 May 2018); First Deputy Prime Minister Ararat MIRZOYAN (since 11 May 2018)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
  elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly in 3 rounds if needed for a single 7-year term; election last held on 2 March 2018; prime minister elected by majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by the National Assembly; election last held on 8 May 2018
  election results: Armen SARKISSIAN elected president in first round; note - Armen SARKISSIAN ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 90-10; Nikol PASHINYAN elected prime minister in second round; note - Nikol PASHINYAN ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 59-42
  note: Nikol PASHINYAN resigned his post on 16 October 2018 but remains on as Acting Prime Minister until new elections are held on 9 December 2018
  Legislative branch:
  description: unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (minimum 101 seats, currently 132; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
  elections: last held on 9 December 2018 (next elections to be held December 2023)
  election results: percent of vote by party - My Step Alliance 70.4%, BHK 8.3%, Bright Armenia 6.4%, other 14.9%; seats by party - My Step Alliance 88, BHK 26, Bright Armenia 18; composition - men 112, women 20, percent of women 15.2%
  Political parties and leaders:
  Armenian National Congress or ANC (bloc of independent and opposition parties) [Levon TER-PETROSSIAN]
  Armenian National Movement or ANM [Ararat ZURABIAN]
  Armenian Revolutionary Federation or ARF ("Dashnak" Party) [Hrant MARKARIAN]
  Bright Armenia [Edmon MARUKYAN]
  Christian Democratic Rebirth Party [Levon SHIRINYAN]
  Citizen's Decision [Suren SAHAKYAN]
  Civil Contract [Nikol PASHINYAN]
  Heritage Party [Raffi HOVHANNISIAN]
  Mission Party [Manuk SUKIASYAN]
  My Step Alliance (Civil Contract Party and Mission Party) [Nikol PASHINYAN]
  National Progress Party [Lusine HAROYAN]
  People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHIAN]
  Prosperous Armenia or BHK [Gagik TSARUKYAN]
  Republic [Aram SARGSYAN]
  Republican Party of Armenia or RPA [Serzh SARGSIAN]
  Rule of Law Party (Orinats Yerkir) or OEK [Artur BAGHDASARIAN]
  Sasna Tser [Varuzhan AVETISYAN]
  We Alliance or FD-H [Aram SARGSIAN]
  International organization participation:
  ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CIS, CSTO, EAEC (observer), EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Varuzhan NERSESSYAN (since November 2018)
  chancery: 2225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 319-1976
  FAX: [1] (202) 319-2982
  consulate(s) general: Glendale (CA)
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Richard MILLS (since 13 February 2015)
  embassy: 1 American Ave., Yerevan 0082
  mailing address: American Embassy Yerevan, US Department of State, 7020 Yerevan Place, Washington, DC 20521-7020
  telephone: [374](10) 464-700
  FAX: [374](10) 464-742
  Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange; the color red recalls the blood shed for liberty, blue the Armenian skies as well as hope, and orange the land and the courage of the workers who farm it
  National symbol(s):
  Mount Ararat, eagle, lion; national colors: red, blue, orange
  National anthem:
  name: "Mer Hayrenik" (Our Fatherland)
  lyrics/music: Mikael NALBANDIAN/Barsegh KANACHYAN

  note: adopted 1991; based on the anthem of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1922) but with different lyrics

- Economy :: Armenia
- Economy - overview:

  Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics, in exchange for raw materials and energy. Armenia has since switched to small-scale agriculture and away from the large agro industrial complexes of the Soviet era. Armenia has only two open trade borders - Iran and Georgia - because its borders with Azerbaijan and Turkey have been closed since 1991 and 1993, respectively, as a result of Armenia's ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region.

  Armenia joined the World Trade Organization in January 2003. The government has made some improvements in tax and customs administration in recent years, but anti-corruption measures have been largely ineffective. Armenia will need to pursue additional economic reforms and strengthen the rule of law in order to raise its economic growth and improve economic competitiveness and employment opportunities, especially given its economic isolation from Turkey and Azerbaijan.

  Armenia's geographic isolation, a narrow export base, and pervasive monopolies in important business sectors have made it particularly vulnerable to volatility in the global commodity markets and the economic challenges in Russia. Armenia is particularly dependent on Russian commercial and governmental support, as most key Armenian infrastructure is Russian-owned and/or managed, especially in the energy sector. Remittances from expatriates working in Russia are equivalent to about 12-14% of GDP. Armenia joined the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union in January 2015, but has remained interested in pursuing closer ties with the EU as well, signing a Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement with the EU in November 2017. Armenia’s rising government debt is leading Yerevan to tighten its fiscal policies – the amount is approaching the debt to GDP ratio threshold set by national legislation.

  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $28.34 billion (2017 est.)
  $26.37 billion (2016 est.)
  $26.3 billion (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 136
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $11.54 billion (2017 est.) (2017 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  7.5% (2017 est.)
  0.3% (2016 est.)
  3.3% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 12
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $9,500 (2017 est.)
  $8,800 (2016 est.)
  $8,800 (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 142
  Gross national saving:
  17.8% of GDP (2017 est.)
  16.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
  18.4% of GDP (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 112
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 76.7% (2017 est.)
  government consumption: 14.2% (2017 est.)
  investment in fixed capital: 17.3% (2017 est.)
  investment in inventories: 4.1% (2017 est.)
  exports of goods and services: 38.1% (2017 est.)
  imports of goods and services: -50.4% (2017 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 16.7% (2017 est.)
  industry: 28.2% (2017 est.)
  services: 54.8% (2017 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  fruit (especially grapes and apricots), vegetables; livestock
  Industries:
  brandy, mining, diamond processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging and pressing machines, electric motors, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry, software, food processing
  Industrial production growth rate:
  5.4% (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 51
  Labor force:
  1.507 million (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 131
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 36.3%
  industry: 17%
  services: 46.7% (2013 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  18.9% (2017 est.)
  18.8% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 183
  Population below poverty line:
  32% (2013 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 25.7% (2014)
  highest 10%: 25.7% (2014)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  31.5 (2014)
  31.5 (2013 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 125
  Budget:
  revenues: 2.644 billion (2017 est.)
  expenditures: 3.192 billion (2017 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  22.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 130
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  -4.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 167
  Public debt:
  53.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
  51.9% of GDP (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  0.9% (2017 est.)
  -1.4% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 44
  Central bank discount rate:
  6.5% (14 December 2016)
  10.5% (10 February 2015)

  note: this is the Refinancing Rate, the key monetary policy instrument of the Armenian National Bank

  country comparison to the world: 57
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  14.41% (31 December 2017 est.)
  17.36% (31 December 2016 est.)

  note: average lending rate on loans up to one year

  country comparison to the world: 47
  Stock of narrow money:
  $1.629 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $1.355 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 141
  Stock of broad money:
  $1.629 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $1.355 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 149
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $6.712 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $5.689 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 120
  Market value of publicly traded shares:
  $132.1 million (31 December 2012 est.)
  $139.6 million (31 December 2011 est.)
  $144.8 million (31 December 2010 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Current account balance:
  -$328 million (2017 est.)
  -$238 million (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 107
  Exports:
  $2.361 billion (2017 est.)
  $1.891 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 135
  Exports - partners:
  Russia 24.2%, Bulgaria 12.8%, Switzerland 12%, Georgia 6.9%, Germany 5.9%, China 5.5%, Iraq 5.4%, UAE 4.6%, Netherlands 4.1% (2017)
  Exports - commodities:
  unwrought copper, pig iron, nonferrous metals, gold, diamonds, mineral products, foodstuffs, brandy, cigarettes, energy
  Imports:
  $3.771 billion (2017 est.)
  $2.835 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 142
  Imports - commodities:
  natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs, diamonds, pharmaceuticals, cars
  Imports - partners:
  Russia 28%, China 11.5%, Turkey 5.5%, Germany 4.9%, Iran 4.3% (2017)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $2.314 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $2.204 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 119
  Debt - external:
  $10.41 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $8.987 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 113
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $4.169 billion (2015 est.)
  $4.087 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $228 million (2015 est.)
  $215 million (2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 107
  Exchange rates:
  drams (AMD) per US dollar -
  487.9 (2017 est.)
  480.49 (2016 est.)
  480.49 (2015 est.)
  477.92 (2014 est.)
  415.92 (2013 est.)
- Energy :: Armenia
- Electricity access:
  electrification - total population: 100% (2016)
  Electricity - production:
  6.951 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 112
  Electricity - consumption:
  5.291 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Electricity - exports:
  1.424 billion kWh (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 50
  Electricity - imports:
  275 million kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  4.08 million kW (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 86
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  58% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 134
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  32% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 65
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 173
  Crude oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 105
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 86
  Crude oil - imports:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  8,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 162
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 126
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  7,145 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 158
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 100
  Natural gas - consumption:
  2.35 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 80
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 62
  Natural gas - imports:
  2.35 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 48
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 106
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  5.501 million Mt (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 131
- Communications :: Armenia
- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 505,190 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 94
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total subscriptions: 3,488,524 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 115 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 135
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: telecommunications investments have made major inroads in modernizing and upgrading the outdated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era; now 100% privately owned and undergoing modernization and expansion; with a small populaton and low GDP - moderate growth in mobile market; mobile operators promise mobile broadband to be faster (2017)
  domestic: 17 per 100 fixed-line, 115 per 100 mobile-cellular; reliable fixed-line and mobile-cellular services are available across Yerevan and in major cities and towns; mobile-cellular coverage available in most rural areas (2017)
  international: country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, through the Moscow international switch, and by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 3 (2015)
  Broadcast media:
  2 public TV networks operating alongside about 40 privately owned TV stations that provide local to near nationwide coverage; major Russian broadcast stations are widely available; subscription cable TV services are available in most regions; Armenian TV completed conversion from analog to digital broadcasting in late 2016; Public Radio of Armenia is a national, state-run broadcast network that operates alongside 21 privately owned radio stations; several major international broadcasters are available (2017)
  Internet country code:
  .am
  Internet users:
  total: 1,891,775 (July 2016 est.)
  percent of population: 62% (July 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 116
  Broadband - fixed subscriptions:
  total: 315,319 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 94
- Transportation :: Armenia
- National air transport system:
  number of registered air carriers: 3 (2015)
  inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 5 (2015)
  Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
  EK (2016)
  Airports:
  11 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 153
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 10 (2017)
  over 3,047 m: 2 (2017)
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2017)
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2017)
  914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2017)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 1 (2013)
  914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  3838 km gas (high and medium pressure) (2017)
  Railways:
  total: 780 km (2014)
  broad gauge: 780 km 1.520-m gauge (780 km electrified) (2014)

  note: 726 km operational

  country comparison to the world: 98
  Roadways:
  total: 7,792 km (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 142
- Military and Security :: Armenia
- Military expenditures:
  4.09% of GDP (2016)
  4.25% of GDP (2015)
  3.94% of GDP (2014)
  4% of GDP (2013)
  3.58% of GDP (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 13
  Military branches:
  Armenian Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Air Force and Air Defense; "Nagorno-Karabakh Republic": Nagorno-Karabakh Self-Defense Force (NKSDF) (2011)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18-27 years of age for voluntary or compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2012)
- Transnational Issues :: Armenia
- Disputes - international:
  the dispute over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan remains the primary focus of regional instabilityresidents have evacuated the former Soviet-era small ethnic enclaves in Armenia and AzerbaijanTurkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valleyin 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has falteredlocal border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian bordersethnic Armenian groups in the Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian Government
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 14,680 (Syria - ethnic Armenians) (2017)
  stateless persons: 773 (2017)
  Illicit drugs:
  illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic consumption; minor transit point for illicit drugs - mostly opium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe