Europe :: Bosnia and Herzegovina

- Introduction :: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Background:

  Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995).

  The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called "Bonn Powers." An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently, EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a security assistance and training capacity.

- Geography :: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Location:
  Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia
  Geographic coordinates:
  44 00 N, 18 00 E
  Map references:
  Europe
  Area:
  total: 51,197 sq km
  land: 51,187 sq km
  water: 10 sq km
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than West Virginia
  Land boundaries:
  total: 1,543 km
  border countries (3): Croatia 956 km, Montenegro 242 km, Serbia 345 km
  Coastline:
  20 km
  Maritime claims:
  NA
  Climate:
  hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
  Terrain:
  mountains and valleys
  Elevation:
  mean elevation: 500 m
  elevation extremes: 0 m lowest point: Adriatic Sea
  2386 highest point: Maglic
  Natural resources:
  coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower
  Land use:
  agricultural land: 42.2% (2011 est.)
  arable land: 19.7% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 2% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 20.5% (2011 est.)
  forest: 42.8% (2011 est.)
  other: 15% (2011 est.)
  Irrigated land:
  30 sq km (2012)
  Population distribution:
  the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated
  Natural hazards:
  destructive earthquakes
  Environment - current issues:
  air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas
  Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
  Geography - note:
  within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east
- People and Society :: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Population:
  3,849,891 (July 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 128
  Nationality:
  noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
  adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian
  Ethnic groups:
  Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.)

  note: the methodology remains disputed and Republika Srspka authorities refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

  Languages:
  Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)
  Religions:
  Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)
  Age structure:
  0-14 years: 13.24% (male 263,338 /female 246,220)
  15-24 years: 11.26% (male 223,824 /female 209,829)
  25-54 years: 45.51% (male 881,331 /female 870,601)
  55-64 years: 14.95% (male 278,460 /female 297,231)
  65 years and over: 15.04% (male 229,282 /female 349,775) (2018 est.)
  population pyramid:
  The World Factbook Field Image Modal
  Europe :: Bosnia and Herzegovina Print
  Image Description
  This is the population pyramid for Bosnia and Herzegovina. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
  For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.
  Dependency ratios:
  total dependency ratio: 43.3 (2015 est.)
  youth dependency ratio: 20.7 (2015 est.)
  elderly dependency ratio: 22.5 (2015 est.)
  potential support ratio: 4.4 (2015 est.)
  Median age:
  total: 42.5 years
  male: 40.9 years
  female: 43.9 years (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 28
  Population growth rate:
  -0.17% (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 207
  Birth rate:
  8.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 210
  Death rate:
  10.1 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 34
  Net migration rate:
  -0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 118
  Population distribution:
  the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated
  Urbanization:
  urban population: 48.2% of total population (2018)
  rate of urbanization: 0.55% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
  Major urban areas - population:
  343,000 SARAJEVO (capital) (2018)
  Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  55-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
  Mother's mean age at first birth:
  27 years (2014 est.)
  Maternal mortality rate:
  11 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 143
  Infant mortality rate:
  total: 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  male: 5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  female: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 172
  Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 77.1 years (2018 est.)
  male: 74.1 years (2018 est.)
  female: 80.3 years (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 78
  Total fertility rate:
  1.31 children born/woman (2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 217
  Contraceptive prevalence rate:
  45.8% (2011/12)
  Health expenditures:
  9.6% of GDP (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 30
  Physicians density:
  1.89 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
  Hospital bed density:
  3.5 beds/1,000 population (2013)
  Drinking water source:
  improved: urban: 99.7% of population
  rural: 100% of population
  total: 99.9% of population
  unimproved: urban: 0.3% of population
  rural: 0% of population
  total: 0.1% of population (2015 est.)
  Sanitation facility access:
  improved: urban: 98.9% of population (2015 est.)
  rural: 92% of population (2015 est.)
  total: 94.8% of population (2015 est.)
  unimproved: urban: 1.1% of population (2015 est.)
  rural: 8% of population (2015 est.)
  total: 5.2% of population (2015 est.)
  HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA
  HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA
  Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
  17.9% (2016)
  country comparison to the world: 118
  Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
  1.5% (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 116
  Education expenditures:
  NA
  Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
  total population: 98.5% (2015 est.)
  male: 99.5% (2015 est.)
  female: 97.5% (2015 est.)
  School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
  total: 14 years (2014)
  male: 14 years (2014)
  female: 15 years (2014)
  Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
  total: 62.3% (2015 est.)
  male: 43.5% (2015 est.)
  female: 62.3% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 1
- Government :: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina
  local long form: none
  local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina
  former: People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  abbreviation: BiH
  etymology: the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word "herzog," meaning "duke," and the ending "-ovina," meaning "land," forming the combination denoting "dukedom"
  Government type:
  parliamentary republic
  Capital:
  name: Sarajevo
  geographic coordinates: 43 52 N, 18 25 E
  time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
  daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
  Administrative divisions:
  3 first-order administrative divisions - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), Republika Srpska (predominantly Serb)
  Independence:
  1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia); note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992
  National holiday:
  Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entityVictory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity

  note: there is no national-level holiday

  Constitution:
  history: 14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); note - each of the political entities has its own constitution
  amendments: decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009 (2016)
  Legal system:
  civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts
  International law organization participation:
  has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
  Citizenship:
  citizenship by birth: no
  citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  dual citizenship recognized: yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state
  residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years
  Suffrage:
  18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal
  Judicial branch:
  highest courts: Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber)
  judge selection and term of office: BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70
  subordinate courts: the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts
  Executive branch:
  chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Milorad DODIK (chairman since 20 November 2018, presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Serb seat); Zeljko KOMSIC (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat); Sefik DZAFEROVIC (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Bosniak seat)
  head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Denis ZVIZDIC (since 11 February 2015)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives
  elections/appointments: 3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months and resumes where it left off following each general election; election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives
  election results: percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat

  note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Marinko CAVARA (since 11 February 2015); Vice Presidents Melika MAHMUTBEGOVIC (since 11 February 2015), Milan DUNOVIC (since 11 February 2015); President of the Republika Srpska Milorad DODIK (since 15 November 2010); Vice Presidents Ramiz SALKIC (since 24 November 2014), Josip JERKOVIC (since 24 November 2014)

  Legislative branch:
  description: bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of:
  House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms)
  House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature that consists of the House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other) and the House of Representatives (98 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); Republika Srpska's unicameral legislature is the National Assembly (83 directly elected delegates serve 4-year terms)
  elections: House of Peoples - last constituted in 11 February 2015 (next likely to be constituted in 2019)
  House of Representatives - last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022)
  election results: House of Peoples - percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by coalition/party - NA; composition - men 13, women 2, percent of women 13.3%
  House of Representatives - percent of vote by coalition/party - SDA 17%, SNSD 16%, SDS/NDP/NS/SRS-VS 9.8%, HDZ-BiH/HSS/HKDU/HSP-AS BiH/HDU BiH 9.1%, DF, 5.8%, PDP 5.1%, DNS 4.2%, SBB BiH 4.2%, NS/HC 2.9%, NB 2.5%, PDA 2.3%, SP 1.9%, A-SDA 1.8%, other 17.4%; seats by coalition/party - SDA 9, SNSD 6, SDP 5, HDZ-BiH/HSS/HKDU/HSP-AS BiH/HDU BiH 5, SDS/NDP/NS/SRS-VS 3, DF 3, PDP 2, SBB BiH 2, NS/HC 2, DNS 1, NB 1 PDA 1, SP 1, A-SDA 1; composition - men 33, women 9, percent of women 21.4%; note - total Parliamentary Assembly percent of women 19.3%
  Political parties and leaders:
  Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC]
  Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]
  Alternative Party for Democratic Activity or A-SDA [Nermin OGRESEVIC]
  Croat Peasants' Party or HSS [Mario KARAMATIC]
  Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA]
  Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDU-BiH [Miro GRABOVAC-TITAN]
  Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC]
  Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [Ilija CVITANOVIC]
  Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP-AS Bih [Karlo STARCEVIC]
  Democratic Front of DF [Zeljko KOMSIC]
  Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC]
  Independent Bloc or NB [Senad SEPIC]
  Movement for Democratic Action or PDA [Mirsad KUKIC]
  Progressive Srpska or NS [Goran DORDIC]
  Our Party or NS/HC [Predrag KOJOVIC]
  Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Bakir IZETBEGOVIC]
  Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Branislav BORENOVIC]
  People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC]
  Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Vukota GOVEDARICA]
  Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Vojislav SESELJ]
  Social Democratic Party or SDP [Nermin NIKSIC]
  Socialist Party or SP [Petar DOKIC]
  International organization participation:
  BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
  Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Haris HRLE (since 23 October 2015)
  chancery: 2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
  telephone: [1] (202) 337-1500
  FAX: [1] (202) 337-1502
  consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York
  Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Maureen CORMACK (since 16 January 2015)
  embassy: 1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo
  mailing address: use embassy street address
  telephone: [387] (33) 704-000
  FAX: [387] (33) 659-722
  branch office(s): Banja Luka, Mostar
  Flag description:
  a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia

  note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu

  National symbol(s):
  golden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white
  National anthem:
  name: "Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine" (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
  lyrics/music: none officially; Dusan SESTIC and Benjamin ISOVIC/Dusan SESTIC

  note: music adopted 1999; lyrics proposed in 2009 and others in 2016 were not approved; a parliamentary committee launched a new initiative for lyrics in February 2018

- Economy :: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Economy - overview:

  Bosnia and Herzegovina has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. The economy is among the least competitive in the region. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, control much of the banking sector, though the largest bank is a private domestic one. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro through a currency board arrangement, which has maintained confidence in the currency and has facilitated reliable trade links with European partners. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. In 2016, Bosnia began a three-year IMF loan program, but it has struggled to meet the economic reform benchmarks required to receive all funding installments.

  Bosnia and Herzegovina's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment dropped sharply after 2007 and remains low. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity, though public perceptions of government corruption and misuse of taxpayer money has encouraged a large informal economy to persist. National-level statistics have improved over time, but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded.

  Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector.

  GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $44.83 billion (2017 est.)
  $43.54 billion (2016 est.)
  $42.19 billion (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 113
  GDP (official exchange rate):
  $18.17 billion (2017 est.) (2017 est.)
  GDP - real growth rate:
  3% (2017 est.)
  3.2% (2016 est.)
  3.1% (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 111
  GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $12,800 (2017 est.)
  $12,400 (2016 est.)
  $11,900 (2015 est.)

  note: data are in 2017 dollars

  country comparison to the world: 122
  Gross national saving:
  11% of GDP (2017 est.)
  11.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
  10.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 158
  GDP - composition, by end use:
  household consumption: 77.4% (2017 est.)
  government consumption: 20% (2017 est.)
  investment in fixed capital: 16.6% (2017 est.)
  investment in inventories: 2.3% (2017 est.)
  exports of goods and services: 38.7% (2017 est.)
  imports of goods and services: -55.1% (2017 est.)
  GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
  agriculture: 6.8% (2017 est.)
  industry: 28.9% (2017 est.)
  services: 64.3% (2017 est.)
  Agriculture - products:
  wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock
  Industries:
  steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining
  Industrial production growth rate:
  3% (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 102
  Labor force:
  1.38 million (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 134
  Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture: 18%
  industry: 30.4%
  services: 51.7% (2017 est.)
  Unemployment rate:
  20.5% (2017 est.)
  25.4% (2016 est.)

  note: official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy

  country comparison to the world: 188
  Population below poverty line:
  16.9% (2015 est.)
  Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 25.8% (2011 est.)
  highest 10%: 25.8% (2011 est.)
  Distribution of family income - Gini index:
  33.8 (2011)
  33.1 (2007)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Budget:
  revenues: 7.993 billion (2017 est.)
  expenditures: 7.607 billion (2017 est.)
  Taxes and other revenues:
  44% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 26
  Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
  2.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 15
  Public debt:
  39.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
  44.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

  note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions.

  country comparison to the world: 130
  Fiscal year:
  calendar year
  Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.2% (2017 est.)
  -1.1% (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 62
  Commercial bank prime lending rate:
  4.38% (31 December 2017 est.)
  5.24% (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 158
  Stock of narrow money:
  $6.483 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $5.013 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 95
  Stock of broad money:
  $6.483 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $5.013 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 97
  Stock of domestic credit:
  $11.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $9.27 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 105
  Market value of publicly traded shares:

  NA

  Current account balance:
  -$873 million (2017 est.)
  -$821 million (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 135
  Exports:
  $5.205 billion (2017 est.)
  $4.288 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 108
  Exports - partners:
  Germany 14.7%, Croatia 11.8%, Italy 11.1%, Serbia 10%, Slovenia 9%, Austria 8.3% (2017)
  Exports - commodities:
  metals, clothing, wood products
  Imports:
  $9.547 billion (2017 est.)
  $8.337 billion (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
  Imports - partners:
  Germany 11.6%, Italy 11.3%, Serbia 11.1%, Croatia 10.1%, China 6.5%, Slovenia 5%, Russia 4.7%, Turkey 4.2% (2017)
  Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $6.474 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $5.137 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Debt - external:
  $10.87 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
  $10.64 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 111
  Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
  $7.332 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
  $7.071 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 98
  Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
  $0 (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Exchange rates:
  konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar -
  1.729 (2017 est.)
  1.7674 (2016 est.)
  1.7674 (2015 est.)
  1.7626 (2014 est.)
  1.4718 (2013 est.)
- Energy :: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Electricity access:
  electrification - total population: 100% (2016)
  Electricity - production:
  16.99 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 86
  Electricity - consumption:
  11.87 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 89
  Electricity - exports:
  6.007 billion kWh (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 31
  Electricity - imports:
  3.084 billion kWh (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 49
  Electricity - installed generating capacity:
  4.676 million kW (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 83
  Electricity - from fossil fuels:
  49% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 153
  Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
  0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 53
  Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
  51% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 35
  Electricity - from other renewable sources:
  1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 148
  Crude oil - production:
  0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 112
  Crude oil - exports:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 96
  Crude oil - imports:
  18,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 64
  Crude oil - proved reserves:
  0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 109
  Refined petroleum products - production:
  0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 121
  Refined petroleum products - consumption:
  32,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 118
  Refined petroleum products - exports:
  4,603 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 92
  Refined petroleum products - imports:
  18,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 129
  Natural gas - production:
  0 cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 107
  Natural gas - consumption:
  226.5 million cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Natural gas - exports:
  0 cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 72
  Natural gas - imports:
  226.5 million cu m (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 70
  Natural gas - proved reserves:
  0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 113
  Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
  22.07 million Mt (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 84
- Communications :: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Telephones - fixed lines:
  total subscriptions: 759,344 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 82
  Telephones - mobile cellular:
  total subscriptions: 3,440,085 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 89 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 136
  Telephone system:
  general assessment: post-war reconstruction of the telecommunications network, aided by an internationally sponsored program, resulted in sharp increases in fixed-line telephone availability; integration with the EU has given stability to the present economy, added a regulatory framework and the market has been liberalised; DSL and cable are the chief platforms for fixed-line connectivity, there is a small market presence of fibre broadband; new mobile roaming fees come into effect similar to other EU countries; rural areas still suffer from insufficient connectivity (2017)
  domestic: fixed-line teledensity roughly 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and stands at roughly 90 telephones per 100 persons (2017)
  international: country code - 387; no satellite earth stations (2016)
  Broadcast media:
  3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2010)
  Internet country code:
  .ba
  Internet users:
  total: 2,677,502 (July 2016 est.)
  percent of population: 69.3% (July 2016 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 100
  Broadband - fixed subscriptions:
  total: 663,670 (2017 est.)
  subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2017 est.)
  country comparison to the world: 75
- Transportation :: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- National air transport system:
  number of registered air carriers: 1 (2015)
  inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1 (2015)
  annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 7,070 (2015)
  annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 87 mt-km (2015)
  Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
  T9 (2016)
  Airports:
  24 (2013)
  country comparison to the world: 130
  Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 7 (2017)
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 (2017)
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017)
  under 914 m: 2 (2017)
  Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 17 (2013)
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
  914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2013)
  under 914 m: 11 (2013)
  Heliports:
  6 (2013)
  Pipelines:
  147 km gas, 9 km oil (2013)
  Railways:
  total: 965 km (2014)
  standard gauge: 965 km 1.435-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2014)
  country comparison to the world: 90
  Roadways:
  total: 22,926 km (2010)
  paved: 19,426 km (4,652 km of interurban roads) (2010)
  unpaved: 3,500 km (2010)
  country comparison to the world: 103
  Waterways:
  (Sava River on northern border; open to shipping but use limited) (2011)
  Ports and terminals:
  river port(s): Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, Brcko, Orasje (Sava River)
- Military and Security :: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Military expenditures:
  0.99% of GDP (2016)
  1% of GDP (2015)
  1.03% of GDP (2014)
  1.09% of GDP (2013)
  1.15% of GDP (2012)
  country comparison to the world: 114
  Military branches:
  Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Air Force and Air Defense (Brigada Zracnih Snaga i Protuzracne Odbrane, br ZSiPZO), Tactical Support Brigade (Brigada Takticke Podrske, br TP) (2015)
  Military service age and obligation:
  18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for E-1 through E-4, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for E-5 through E-9, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all officers (2014)
- Transnational Issues :: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Disputes - international:
  Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute
  Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 5,120 (Croatia) (2017)
  IDPs: 99,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2017)
  stateless persons: 65 (2017)
  Illicit drugs:
  increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption